Latin verbs (A to K)
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- This list of Latin verbs includes all four principal parts (three in the case of deponent verbs, semi-deponent verbs, and certain passives) of the verbs in this order (all are 1st person, singular, active, indicative), see Latin verbs (2) for verbs from L - Z:
- For full conjugation of all forms of a verb (person, number, tense, voice, mood) see Latin conjugation.
- Each verb on this list includes lists of English derivatives of these verbs (except when there are none). Any verb cited within the etymology of another verb is included in the list and the derivatives of each will be found at the least complex verb (example- the derivative accessible is found under cēdere rather than accēdere) EXCEPT when 1. the assumed relation of the more complex verb to the simpler verb involves an unattested form (see sūmō) or 2. the complex verb contains a noun or adjective instead of a prefix (see aedificare).
- Many of these derivatives contain affixes or their forms are considerably different from their Classical Latin forms. Many have also undergone semantic change and their modern meanings may be difficult to relate to the Latin etymon. Also, only a limited number of meanings is given for each Latin verb. In any of these cases it is best to look at that specific word's etymology. The List of English prefixes and List of English suffixes may also be helpful. The internal links for the prefixes ab-, ad-, con-, and ex- may also help explain phonological changes of a given word. The external links [link] within the text go to the hypothetical Indo-European root for that particular verb.
A
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abluō | abluere | abluī | ablūtus | "to wash away" | From ab- + luere (see luō); see lavō for derivatives.
|
| accēdō | accēdere | accessī | accessum | "to come up to, approach" | From ad- + cēdō.
|
| accendō | accendere | accendī | accēnsus | "to set fire to" | From ad- + candō.
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| accidit | accidere | accidit | — | "it happens" | From ad- + cadō.
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| accipere | accēpī | acceptum | "to accept, receive" | From ad- + capiō
| |
| adiūtō | adiūtāre | adiutāvī | adiutātum | "to help" | From ad- + iutō, from iutum, the Passive perfect participle participle of iuvāre (see iuvō); derivatives adjutant, [[aid].
|
| advenīre | advēnī | adventum | "to arrive" | From ad- + veniō.
| |
| aedificō | aedificāre | aedificāvī | aedificātum | "to build, erect buildings" | From aedis ("building", originally "hearth, fireplace") + facere (see faciō); derivatives , , .
|
| agere | ēgī | actum | "to do, act, drive, conduct, lead, weigh, manage" | Derivatives , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .[link]
| |
| ambulāre | ambulāvī | ambulatum | "to walk" | Derivatives alley, alley oop, ambulance, ambulate, andante, funambulist, perambulator, preamble.[link]
| |
| amāre | amāvī | amatum | "to love" | Derivatives amore, amour, paramour.
| |
| aperiō | aperīre | aperuī | apertum | "to open, uncover" | Derivatives aperient, apéritif, aperture, overt, overture, pert.[link]
|
| appellāre | appellāvī | appellatum | "to call (by name), entreat, speak to, accost" | From ad- + pellō. Derivative appellation.
| |
| arceō | arcēre | arcuī | — | "to enclose, keep out/off, prevent, stop" | No direct derivatives; see exerceō.
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| ardeō | ardēre | arsī | arsus | "to burn, be on fire" | From aridus ("dry, parched"), from arēre.
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| areō | arēre | — | — | "to be dry" | Derivatives ardent, ardor, arid, arson.
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| ascendō | ascendere | ascendī | ascensum | "to climb" | From ad- + scandere. Derivatives ascend, ascendant.
|
| audīre | audīvī | audītum | "to hear" | Derivatives audible, audience, audile, audio, audit, audition, auditor, auditorium, auditory, oyez, obey, subaudition. [link]
| |
| augēre | auxī | auctus | "to increase, augment" | auction, augend, augment, author, authorize.[link] |
B
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bibere | bibī | — | "to drink" | Derivatives beer, beverage, bib, bibulous imbibe, imbrue.[link] |
C
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cadere | cecidī | cāsum | "to fall, kill, die, be killed, happen, fail, belong" | , , , , , , , , , , accident, decay, deciduous, escheat, incident, , occident, recidivism [link]
| |
| caedō | caedere | cecīdī | caesus | "to cut, kill, hack (at), strike" | abscise, , , , , –cide as in suicide, , , decide, excise, incise, precise, recision, scissors [link]
|
| candeō | candēre | canduī | "to shine, glitter, be shining white, be white-hot" | , , , , candid, , , , , incandescence [link]
| |
| canere | cecinī | cantum | "to sing" | accent, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , descant, enchant, incantation, incentive, precentor, recant, shanty [link]
| |
| capere | cēpi | captum | "to take, capture" | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , accept, anticipate, , , conception, deceive, except, inception, inceptive, incipient, intercept, intussusception, municipal, nuncupative, occupant, occupy, participation, perceive, precept, receive, recipe, recover, recuperation, susceptible [link]
| |
| caveō | cavēre | cāvī | cautum | "to guard against, beware of" | , ,
|
| cēdere | cessi | cessus | "to go, move, concede, withdraw, yield" | abscess, accede, access, accessible, ancestor, antecedent, , , , , decease, exceed, expulsion,incessant, intercede, precedent, predecessor, procession, recession, retrocede, secession, succession [link]
| |
| cēnāre | cēnī | cēnātum | "to dine" | From cēna "meal". Derivative [link]
| |
| cieō | ciēre | cīvī | citus | "to set in motion, rouse, bring about, make" | , excite, incite, oscitancy, resuscitate, solicitous [link]
|
| circumveniō | circumvenīre | circumvēnī | circumventum | "to surround, go around" | From circum + venīre.
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| clāmō | clāmāre | clāmāvī | clāmātum | "shout, call, cry out" | acclaim, , , , declaim, exclaim, proclaim, reclaim [link]
|
| claudō | claudere | clause | clausum | "to shut, close" | , , , , , exclude, include, preclude, recluse, seclude, seclusion
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| cognoscere | cognōvī | cognitum | "to know(both in knowledge and in acknowledgement)" | acquaint, , , , incognito, notice, notify, notion, notorious, quaint, recognize, reconnaissance, reconnoiter [link]
| |
| colligō | colligere | collēgī | collectum | From + legō.
| |
| colō | colere | coluī | cultum | "to cultivate, till, inhabit, worship" | , , , , Kultur, incult, inquiline, nidicolous, silvicolous [link]
|
| compellō | compellāre | compellāvī | compellatum | "to drive (together), compel, force" | From + pellō.
|
| condere | condidī | conditus | "to found, establish, put" | abscond, incondite, recondite, sconce [link]
| |
| cōnficiō | cōnficere | cōnfēcī | cōnfectum | "finish" | From + faciō.
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| cōnfidō | confīdere | confīsus sum | "to trust" | From + fīdō.
| |
| coniciō | conicere | coniēcī | coniectus | "to hurl" | From + iaciō.
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| conspiciō | conspicer | conspexī | conspectum | "to catch sight of" | From + speciō.
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| cōnstituō | cōnstituere | cōnstituī | cōnstitūtum | "to set up, erect, settle (on)" | From + statuō.
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| contendere | contendī | contentum | "stretch, aim, strain, exert" | From + tendō.
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| conveniō | convenīre | convēnī | conventum | " to (go to) meet, interview, walk, march" | From + veniō.
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| convoco | convocāre | convocāvī | convocātum | "to convoke" | From + vocō.
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| crēděre | crēdidī | creditum | "to lend, loan, believe, trust, accept as true" | , , , , , grant, incredible, miscreant, recreant [link]
| |
| crēscere | crēvī | crētus | "to grow (up), increase, arise, come into being" | accrue, , , , , , decrease, excrescence, increase, recruit [link]
| |
| cupěre | cupīvī or cupiī | cupītum | "to wish, be eager for, long for, desire" | , , , Cupid,
| |
| cūrō | cūrāre | cūrāvī | cūrātum | "to take care of, look after" | , , procure, secure, security
|
| currere | cucurrī | cursum | "to run (over), traverse, pass, skim over" | , , , , , , corsair, , , , , , , , decurrent, discourse, excursion, hussar, incur, intercourse, kraal, occur, percurrent, precursor, recourse, recur, succor [link]
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| custōdiō | custōdīre | custōdīvī | custōdītum | "to guard, protect, watch (over), hold in custody" | From cust-ōs, -ōdis "guard." , , [link]
|
D
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dēbēre | dēbuī | dēbitum | "to have to, owe, be responsible for, be obliged to" ALSO "I ought to, I must" | debenture, debit, debt, devoir, due, duty, endeavor [link]
| |
| dēdō | dēdere | dēdidī | dēditum | "to give up, surrender" | (no direct English derivatives) From de- + dō.
|
| dēfendō | dēfendēre | defendī | dēfensum | "to defend" | From de- + fendere (attested only in prefixed compound verbs; see offendo). defend, defense, fence, fend
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| dēpōnō | dēpōnere | dēposuī | dēpositum | "to put down/aside, get rid of, deposit” | From de- + pōnō.
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| despērō | despērāre | despērāvī | despērātum | "to despair, give up hope" | From de- + spērō.
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| dīcere | dīxī | dictum | "to speak, say" | addict, benediction, condition, contradict, dictate, diction, dictum, ditto, ditty, edict, fatidic, herb bennet, indict, indiction, indite, interdict, juridical, jurisdiction, maledict, malison, predict, valediction, verdict, veridical, voir dire [link]
| |
| dictō | dictāre | dictāvī | dictātum | "to say (again), reiterate, suggest, remind" | Frequentative verb formed from Passive perfect participle participle of dīcō.
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| dīmittō | dīmittěre | dīmttīvī | dīmissus | "to send away, let go, dismiss" | From di- + mittō.
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| discēdere | discessī | discessum | "to go away, depart" | From dis- + cēdō (no direct English derivatives, but see cēdō).
| |
| discěre | didǐcī | "to learn, get to know, be told" | disciple, discipline [link]
| ||
| dare | dědī | datus | "to give, offer, dedicate, pay out" | add, betray, dado, date, dative, data, datum, die, edition, perdition, render, rendition, rent, surrender, tradition, traitor, treason, vend [link]
| |
| docere | docuī | doctum | "to teach, i.e. to cause to accept" | docent, docile, doctor, doctrine, document [link]
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| dormīre | dormīvī | dormītum | "to sleep" | dorm, dormancy, dormant, dormer, dormitory, dormouse
| |
| dūcere | dūxī | ductum | "to lead" | abducens, abduct, adduce, aqueduct, circumduction, con, condottiere, conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, doge, douche, ducal, ducat,duce, duchess, duchy, duct, ductile, duke, educe, endue, induce, introduce, produce, redoubt, reduce, seduction, subduction, subdue, traduce, transducer [link] |
E
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ēsse OR edere | ēdī | ēsus | "to eat" | edacious, edible, escarole, esculent, esurient; comedo, comestible, obese [link]
| |
| efficiō | efficere | effēcī | effectum | From ex- + facere (see faciō).
| |
| emere | ēmī | ēmptum | "to buy, pay (for), take, gain, obtain, bribe" | ademption, example, exemplary, exemplify, exemplum, exempt, impromptu, peremptory, preemption, premium, prompt, pronto, ransom, redeem, redemption, sample, vintage [link]
| |
| īre | īī | itum | "to go" | adit, ambient, ambition, , coitus, comitia, exit, introit, issue, obituary, perish, praetor, preterit, preterite, sedition, subito, sudden, , transient, transit, transitive [link]
| |
| errō | errāre | errāvī | errātum | "to wander, err" | aberration, err, erratic, erratum, erroneous, error
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| ēvādō | ēvādere | ēvāsī | ēvāsum | "escape" | From ex- + vādō.
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| ēvigilō | ēvigilāre | ēvigilāvī | ēvigilātum | "to be awake, to watch/work/etc. through the night" | (no direct derivatives) BUT from ex- + vigilō.
|
| excitō | excitāre | excitāvī | excitātum | "to awaken, excite" | From ex- + citare (citus, frequentative from Passive perfect participle participle of cieō)
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| exeō | exīre | exīī | exitum | "to go out" | From ex- + eō.
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| exerceō | exercēre | exercuī | exercitus | "to train, execrcise" | From ex- + arceō. exercise
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| exspectāre | exspectāvī | exspectātum | "to wait (for), expect" | From ex- + the Passive perfect participle participle of speciō. |
F
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| facere | fēcī | factum | "to make, do, fashion, create, frame, build" | affair, affect, affect, affection, amplify, artifact, artificial, beatification, benefactive, benefic, benefice, beneficence, benefit, chafe, comfit, confectionery, confetti, counterfeit, defeasance, defeatism, defect, deficient, discomfit, effect, efficacy, efficient, -facient, facsimile, fact, faction, factitious, factitive, factor, factotum, faena, fashion (verb), feat, feature, feckless, fetish, -fic, -fy, forfeit, hacienda, infect, justify, malefactor, malfeasance, manufacture, misfeasance, modifier, mollifiers, nidify, notification, nullifiers, officinal, orifice, perfect, petrify, pluperfect, pontifex, prefect, proficient, profit, putrefy, qualify, quantify, rarefy, rectify, refect, refectory, rubefacient, sacrifice, satisfy, spinifex, suffice, sufficient, surfeit, tubifex, tumefacient, vivify [link]
| |
| faveō | favēre | fāvī | fautum | "to favor, support" | favor, favorite
|
| ferre | tulī | lātum | "to carry, bear" | From principal parts 1 & 2: afferent, circumference, confer, defer, differ, efferent, –fer (as in aquifer), fertile, infer, offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer, vociferous[link] From principal part 4: ablation, ablative, allative, collate, dilatory, elate, elative, illation, illative, legislator, oblate, prelate, prolate, relate, sublate, superlative, translate [link]
| |
| festīnō | festīnāre | festīnāvī | festīnātum | "to hurry, bustle, speed (up)" | festinate, festination
|
| fīdō | fīděre | fīsus sum | "to trust, confide (in)" | affiance, affiant, affidavit, confidant, confide, confident, defiance, defy, diffident, fiancé, fiducial, fiduciary, perfidy [link]
| |
| fiō | fīerī | factus sum | "to become" | fiat [link]
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| flēre | flēvī | flētum | "to weep" | feeble
| |
| frangō | frangere | frēgī | frāctum | "to break" | anfractuous, chamfer, defray, diffraction, fractal, fracted, fraction, fractious, fracture, fragile, fragment, frail, frangible, infract, infrangible, infringe, irrefrangible, ossifrage, refract, refrain, refringent, sassafras, saxifrage, septifragal [link]
|
| fugere | fūgī | fūgitum | "to flee" | centrifuge, feverfew, fugitive, refugee, tempus fugit |
G
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gaudēre | gāvīsus sum | "to rejoice" | enjoy, gaud, gaudy, gaudy, joy rejoice [link]
| ||
| gerere | gessī | gessum | "to carry, bear, wear" | dentigerous, gesticulation, gesture |
H
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| habēre | habuī | habitum | "to hold, possess, have, handle" | able, avoirdupois, binnacle, cohabit, , habile, habit, habitable, habitant, habitat, inhabit, inhibit, malady, prebend, prohibit, provender
| |
| habitō | habitāre | habitāvī | habitātum | "to live (somewhere), dwell" | From habeō. |
I
| Present | Infinitive | Past perfect | Passive perfect participle | Meaning | Derivation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iacere | iacuī | iacitum | "to lie (down), be situated, i.e. to be thrown" | From iaciō.
| |
| iacěre | iēcī | iactus | "to throw, cast" | abject, adjacent, adjective, amice, circumjacent, conjecture, deject, ejaculate, eject, gist, gite, inject, interject, jactitation, jess, , jeté, jetsam, jettison, jetty, joist, jut, , parget, project, reject, subjacent, subject, superjacent, traject [link]
| |
| imperāre | imperāvī | imperātum | "to give orders, demand, (be in) command" | From in- + parō.
| |
| incendō | incendere | incendī | incensus | "to light (up), set on fire, burn, make bright, inflame, excite, enrage" | From candō or just from the same root incendiary, incense, incense, frankincense [link]
|
| induō | induere | indui | indūtum | "to don (something), put on (clothes)" | endue, indue, indument [link]
|
| ineō | inīre | iniī | initum | "to start, begin, enter" | From in- + eō or simply from the same base and thought of as a compound in Latin. commence, initial, initiate
|
| īnsum | inesse | īnfuī | infutūrus | (no direct English derivatives) From in- + sum.
| |
| intellegere | intellēxī | intellēctum | "to gather, understand" | From inter- + lěgo.
| |
| intersum | interesse | interfuī | interfutūrus | "to be in, among" | From inter- + sum.
|
| intrō | intrāre | intrāvī | intrātum | From intra- + -are (verbal suffix). enter, entrance
| |
| invenīre | invēnī | inventum | "to find, come upon, discover, invent" | From in- + veniō
| |
| invidēre | invīdī | invīsuum | "to envy, begrudge, be jealous" | From in- + videō.
| |
| iubere | iussī | iussum | "to order, decree, designate, appoint" | jussive
| |
| iuvāre | iuvāvī | iuvātum | "to help, give an advantage (to), benefit" | (no direct derivatives, but see adiuvō) |
J & K
Most words with a 'j' that are descended from Latin were originally written in Classical Latin with an 'i' and appear there in this list to avoid redundancy (ex. jaceō and iaceō are the same verb). The letter 'k' was very rare in Latin and only occasionally used in words of Ancient Greek origin in place of kappa or in foreign and personal names. The 'hard k' sound in Latin is represented by 'c' which was never a 'soft c' (as in Modern English 'century').References
- The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition [link]
- "The Bantam New College Latin & English Dictionary" by John C. Traupman (ISBN 0-553-57301-2)
See also
- Latin verbs (2)
- Latin nouns
- Grammatical conjugation
- Grammatical person
- Grammatical number
- Grammatical tense
- Grammatical voice
- Grammatical mood
- Latin
- List of Latin words with English derivatives
- Latin conjugation
- Verb
- Vocabulary
- Etymology
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