Laudabiliter
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In 1155, Pope Adrian IV issued a papal bull Laudabiliter giving the English King Henry II lordship over Ireland. The bull is the subject of academic dispute over its authenticity; the original document is no longer in existence, only later copies exist.
Henry invaded Ireland in 1171, using the papal bull to claim sovereignty over the island, and forced the Anglo-Norman warlords and some of the Gaelic Irish kings to accept him as their overlord.
Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III ratified the grant of Irish lands to Henry in 1172, and Irish bishops at the Synod of Cashel accepted the bull.
Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title Dominus Hiberniae ("Lord of Ireland"). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King John, the "Kingdom of Ireland" fell directly under the English Crown.
References
- Selected Documents in Irish History, edited by Josef Lewis Altholz, M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 2000
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