List of Pharaohs

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Dynasties of Pharaohs in Ancient Egypt

Predynastic Egypt

Protodynastic Period of Egypt>Protodynastic Period

Early Dynastic Period

1st 2nd

Old Kingdom

3rd 4th 5th 6th

First Intermediate Period

7th 8th 9th 10th

11th (Thebes only)

Middle Kingdom

11th (''All Egypt)

12th 13th 14th

Second Intermediate Period

15th 16th 17th

New Kingdom

18th 19th 20th

Third Intermediate Period

21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th

Late Period

26th 27th 28th

29th 30th 31st

Graeco-Roman Period

Alexander the Great

Ptolemaic dynasty

Roman

This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.

It should be noted that there are three women rulers of Egypt on this list of pharaohs who chose not to take the title pharaoh who were not Ptolemaic queen consorts (Sobeknefru, Hatshepsut, and Twosret), because pharaoh was a male title. On this list, they are noted as "Queen ________."

Note that the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used. Presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one.

Archaic period

The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the First and Second Dynasties

Early dynastic: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete:

Name	Comments	Dates
Tiu	—	?
Thesh	—	?
Hsekiu	—	?
Wazner	—	c. 3100 BC?

Early dynastic: Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):

Name	Comments	Dates
Serket I	Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia	c. 3200 BC?
Iry-Hor	existence uncertain	c. 3150 BC?
Ka	—	c. 3100 BC
Serket II	Also known as "Scorpion of Egypt" or "King Scorpion"; possibly the same person as Narmer.	c. 3100 BC
Narmer	Considered by some to be the king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt	c. 3100 BC

First Dynasty

The First Dynasty ruled from c.3050 BC to 2890 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Hor-Aha (Menes)	Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt. In earlier lists, also known as Min and Meni.	c. 3050 BC
Djer	—	2 years
Merneith	Regent for Den	—
Djet	—	23 years
Den	—	14 to 20 years
Anedjib	—	26 years
Semerkhet	—	9 to 18 years
Qa'a	—	2916?–2890

Second Dynasty

The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Hotepsekhemwy	—	2890–?
Raneb	—	39 years
Nynetjer	—	23 years
Wneg	—	8 years
Senedj	—	20 years
Seth-Peribsen	—	17 years
Khasekhemwy	?–2686 BC

Old Kingdom

The Old Kingdom is period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2630–2151 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".

Third Dynasty

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Sanakhte	—	2686-2668
Djoser	Commissioned the Step Pyramid designed by Imhotep	2668–2649
Sekhemkhet	—	2649–2643
Khaba	—	2643–2637
Huni	—	2637–2613

Fourth Dynasty

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).

Nomen (Praenomen)	Comments	Dates
Sneferu	—	2613–2589
Khufu	Greek form Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza.	2589–2566
Djedefra (Radjedef)	—	2566–2558
Khafra	Greek form Chephren	2558–2532
—	here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho	—
Menkaura	Greek form Mycerinus	2532–2503
Shepseskaf	–	2503–2498
—	here some authorities insert Thampthis, following Manetho	—

Fifth Dynasty

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Userkaf	—	2498–2491
Sahure	—	2487–2477
Neferirkare Kakai	—	2477–2467
Shepseskare Isi	—	2467–2460
Neferefre	—	2460–2453
Nyuserre Ini	—	2453–2422
Menkauhor Kaiu	—	2422–2414
Djedkare Isesi	—	2414–2375
Unas	—	2375–2345

Sixth Dynasty

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Teti	—	2345–2333
Userkare	—	2333–2332
Pepi I Meryre	—	2332–2283
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	—	2283–2278
Pepi II Neferkare	—	2278–2184
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II	Uncertain pharaoh.	2184
Nitiqret	A supposed female ruler.	2184–2181

First intermediate period

The First Intermediate Period is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by ineffeciency because of his advanced age.

The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, however, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.

Around 2055 BC, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from [www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html])

Name	Comments	Dates
Neferkara I
Neferkara Nebi
Djedkara Shemai
Neferkara Khendu
	Some authorities place here Merenhor
Neferkamin Seneferka
Nikara
Neferkara Tereru
Neferkahor
Neferkara Pepyseneb
Neferkamin Anu
Qakare Ibi
Neferkara II
Neferkawhor Khuwihap
Neferirkara

Ninth Dynasty

The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)	-	2160– ?
Meribre Khety II	-	?
Neferkare III	-	?
Nebkaure (Acthoes II)	-	?
Setut	-	?
Wakhare Khety I	-	?
Merykare	-	?
Wankhare Khety II	-	?
Menethoupe I	-	?
Wankhare Khety III	-	?
Khety II	-	?
Khety II's daughter	-	?
Merikare's daughter	-	? –2130

Tenth Dynasty

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Upper Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Eleventh Dynasty

The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Lower Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Middle Kingdom

The Middle Kingdom is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to be beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.

Twelfth Dynasty

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.

Second intermediate period

The Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dudimose I.

Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia

Thirteenth Dynasty

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1803 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho.

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Fourteenth Dynasty

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris), that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BC.

The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.

Fifteenth Dynasty

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyskos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Sixteenth Dynasty

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a local group based on the north coast of the Sinai (Pelusium) and ruled from 1663 to around 1555 BC:

Some sources include as many as six more names – Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III) – who are not attested elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.

Seventeenth Dynasty

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

New Kingdom

The New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth Dynasty

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from 1550 to 1295 BC:

Nineteenth Dynasty

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1295 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:

Twentieth Dynasty

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1185 to 1070 BC:

Third intermediate period

The Third Intermediate Period marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

High Priests of Amun at Thebes

While not regarded as a dynasty per se, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were nevertheless of such power and influence that they were effectively the rulers of Upper Egypt from 1080 to 945 BC.

Twenty-first Dynasty

The Twenty-first Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 945 BC

Twenty-second Dynasty

The pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 945 to 720 BC:

Twenty-third Dynasty

The Twenty-third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Leontopolis, that ruled from 836 to 720 BC:

The Libu

Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.

Twenty-fourth Dynasty

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Late period

The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.

Twenty-fifth Dynasty

Nubians invaded Egypt in 732 BC and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).

Twenty-sixth Dynasty

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.

Twenty-seventh Dynasty

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:

Twenty-eighth Dynasty

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:

Twenty-ninth Dynasty

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Thirtieth Dynasty

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once came more under Persian rule in 343 BC:

Thirty-first Dynasty

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Argead Dynasty

The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Ptolemaic Dynasty

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency):

Rome

Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively in Egypt.

References

• Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.

See also

• Conventional Egyptian chronology
• Egyptian chronology
• History of Egypt
• Lists of office-holders
• The Greatest Pharaohs

External links

• [Egyptian Royal Genealogy]
• [Digital Egypt for Universities]

 

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