<!--
SQUARE, FIRST RUN-->
<!--
SQUARE, SECOND RUN-->
<!--
TEMPLATES, FIRST RUN-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>b-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>b-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ب-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with b-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ב-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with b-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ב-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḇ/b-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>b-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>p-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>p-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ف-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with p-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>פ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with p-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>פ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with p̄/p-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>f-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḏ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>z-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ذ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḏ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ז-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ẕ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ד-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḏ/d-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>z-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṯ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ث-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṯ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ש-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s̱-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ת-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṯ/t-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>š/s-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṱ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ظ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ẓ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>צ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s̭-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ט-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>z-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>d-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>d-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>د-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with d-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ד-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with d-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ד-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḏ/d-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>d-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>t-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>t-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ت-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with t-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ת-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with t-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ת-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṯ/t-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>t-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ط-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ט-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ט-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṭ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>س-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ש-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with &#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ש-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with &#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>š/s-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>z-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>z-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ز-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with z-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ז-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with z-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ז-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with z-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>z-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>s-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>s-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>س-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ס-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ס-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>š/s-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ص-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>צ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>צ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>l-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>l-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ل-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with l-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ל-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with l-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ל-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with l-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>l-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ś-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ش-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ś-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ש-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ś-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ס-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with s-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>š-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ́-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ض-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḷ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>צ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ṣ́-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ע-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>g-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>g-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ج-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with g-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ג-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with g-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ג-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḡ/g-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>g-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>k-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>k-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ك-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with k-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>כ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with k-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>כ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḵ/k-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>k-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḳ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḳ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ق-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with q-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ק-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḳ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ק-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with q-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḳ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ġ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>غ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ġ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ע-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ġ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ע-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḫ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḫ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>خ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḫ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ח-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḫ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ח-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḥ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḫ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ع-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ע-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ע-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ح-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḥ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ח-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḥ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ח-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ḥ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼ-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ا-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʼ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>א-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʼ-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>א-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with ʼ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>h-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ه-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with h-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ה-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with h-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ה-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with h-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>h-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>m-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>m-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>م-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with m-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>מ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with m-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>מ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with m-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>m-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>n-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>n-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ن-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with n-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>נ-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with n-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>נ/ר-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with n/r-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>n-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>r-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>r-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ر-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with r-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ר-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with r-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ר-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with r-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>r-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>w-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>w-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>و-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with w-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ו-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with w-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>ו-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with w-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>w-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>w--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>w--->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>و-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with w--->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>י-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with y--->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>י-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with y--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>w--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>y-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>y-->
<!--template missing: Arabiyyah>ي-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with y-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>י-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with y-->
<!--template missing: Ivrit>י-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with y-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>y-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə/ĕ/ē/ī-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>í-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>í-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ē/í-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ī-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ī-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>î-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>i/a/e-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə/ă/ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>á-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>á-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>é/á/ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>a-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ô-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>u-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>u-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>u/o-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>u-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>u-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə/ŏ/ō/ū-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ú-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ú-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ō/ú-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ə-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ū-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ū-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>û-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>u-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with /&#X161;, z, s, ṣ/-->
<!--replacing {{{1}}} with /s, dz, ts, ṭṣ/-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ʼarṣ́--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>erṣet--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼarḍ--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼéreṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼarʻ-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>?-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>?-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ʼab--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>''ab-''-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼab--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼāḇ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼab-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼab-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥa-yb-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ʼil-(āh)--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>il--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼilāh--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼēl-(ôh)--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼalāh-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*wayn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>wayn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>yáyin-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>wayn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bayt--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bītu,_bētu-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bayt--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>báyiṯ,_bêṯ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bayt-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bet-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>beyt,_bêt-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>baʻl--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bēlu-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>baʻl--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>báʻal-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>b·ʻ·l-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>baʻāl-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bâl-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>mal(i)k--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>mal(i)ku-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>malik--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>méleḵ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥalīb--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḫilpu-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥalīb-,_ḥalab--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥālāḇ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥalb-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥalīb-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*&#X161;m--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;um--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ism--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;ēm-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;m-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>sim-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ham-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*&#X161;alām--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;alām--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>salām--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;ālôm-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;lām-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>salām-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>səlōm-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*śam&#X161;--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;am&#X161;u-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;ams--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;éme&#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;em&#X161;-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ʻiṣ--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>iṣu,_iṣṣu-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻiḍ-at--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻēṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit</td></tr><tr-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻiṣ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*may-/*māy--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>mū-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>māʼ--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>máyim-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>mayy-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>māy-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥə-mō-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*dam--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>dam--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>dām-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>dm-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>dam-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ʻayn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>īn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻayn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻáyin-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻayn-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʻayn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼāyn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*yad--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>id--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>yad--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>yāḏ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼīdā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ʼid-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥayd-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*lib(a)b--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>libb--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lubb--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lēḇ(āḇ)-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lebb-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>libb-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ḥa-wbēb-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*li&#X161;ān-/*la&#X161;ān--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>li&#X161;ān--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lisān--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lā&#X161;ôn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>le&#X161;&#X161;ān-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lissān-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>əw&#X161;ēn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*&#X161;inn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;inn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>sinn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;ēn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;enn-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>śinn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ṯawr--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>šūru-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ṯawr--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>&#X161;ôr-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>sōr-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*gam(a)l--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>gammal-_(gaml-)-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ǧamal--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>gāmāl-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>gaml-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>gamal-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>gəmmōl-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*kalb--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>kalb--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>kalb--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>kéleḇ-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>kalb-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>kalb-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*raḫil--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>laḫru-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>riḫl(at)--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>rāḫēl-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*dVb(V)r--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>dabr-,_dibr--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>dəḇôrāh-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>debbōr-ā,_debbor-t-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*ḳud&#X161;--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>quds-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>qōḏe&#X161;-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>qud&#X161;-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>qiddūs-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*bn--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>ibn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bēn-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>br-ā-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>bər,_ḥə-brē-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>*laban--->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>laban-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lāḇān-->
<!--template missing: Semxlit>lbōn-->
<!--
TEMPLATES, SECOND RUN-->
<!--Regenerating static file: 778/777732-->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<head>
<title>List of Proto-Semitic stems - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia</title>
<link href="http://www.opentopia.com/main.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />
<style type="text/css" media="screen">
<!--
#centerpart {
	position: absolute;
	width:100%;
   background:white url("/pixels.php?color=ffffff&width=140&height=10") top left repeat-y;
   top: 120px;
}
#leftcolumn {
	position: absolute;
	top: 5px;
	left: 0px;
   width: 132px;
   padding: 10px 4px 15px 4px;
   text-align: center;
   background: #FFFACD;
   border-top: 1px solid #FFCC00;
   border-right: 1px solid #FFCC00;
   border-bottom: 1px solid #FFCC00;
}
.googlead {
   height: 600px;
   padding-top: 5px;
}
#content {
   margin: 0px 5px 10px 142px;
   padding: 4px;
   padding-left: 5%;
   text-align: left;
}
#content a:hover {
	color: green;
	text-decoration: none;
}
#footer {
	background-color: #fffacd;
	text-align: center;
	margin: 40px 0px 0px 5px;;
	padding: 10px;
}

td {
   vertical-align: top;
}
hr {
    height: 1px;
    color: #aaaaaa;
    background-color: #aaaaaa;
    border: 0;
    margin: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    color: Black;
    background: none;
    font-weight: normal;
    margin: 0;
    padding-top: 0.5em;
    padding-bottom: 0.17em;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
}
h1 { 
  font-size: 195%; 
  color: #008000;
  border-bottom: none;
}
h2 { font-size: 150%; }
h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  border-bottom: none;
  font-weight: bold;
}
h3 { font-size: 132%; }
h4 { font-size: 116%; }
h5 { font-size: 100%; }
h6 { font-size: 80%;  }
.tabcontent {
   display: block;
   width: auto;
   min-width: 200px;
   max-width: 400px;
   min-height: 200px;
   border: thin dotted darkgrey;
   background: #eeeeee;
   padding: 6px;
   margin-bottom: 4px;
}
.tabconthead {
   text-align: center; 
   font-weight: bold;  
   margin-bottom: 2px;
   margin-left: auto;
   margin-right: auto;
}
.tabcontlist {
   list-style-type: none;
   margin: 0px;
   padding: 0px;
}
.tabcontlist li {
   padding: 1px;
}
.tabcontlist .t2 {
   padding-left: 15px;
}
.tabcontlist .t3 {
   padding-left: 30px;
}
.tabcontlist .t4 {
   padding-left: 40px;
}
.tabcontlist .t5 {
   padding-left: 50px;
}
dt {
   font-weight: bold;
}
div.thumb {
    margin-bottom: 0.5em;
    border-style: solid; border-color: White;
    width: auto;
}
div.thumb div {
    border:1px solid #cccccc;
    padding: 3px !important;
    background-color:#f9f9f9;
    font-size: 94%;
    text-align: center;
    overflow: hidden;
}
div.thumb div a img {
    border:1px solid #cccccc;
}
div.thumb div div.thumbcaption {
    border: none;
    text-align: left;
    line-height: 1.4em;
    padding: 0.3em 0 0.1em 0;
}
div.magnify {
    float: right;
    border: none !important;
    background: none !important;
}
div.magnify a, div.magnify img {
    display: block;
    border: none !important;
    background: none !important;
}
div.tright {
    clear: right;
    float: right;
    border-width: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em;
}
div.tleft {
    float: left;
    margin-right:0.5em;
    border-width: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;
}
#letable {
   margin-left: auto;
   margin-right: auto;
}
#encheading {
	margin: 0;
	margin-left: -70px;
	text-align: center;
}
#wpcredit {
   font-size:10px;
   text-align:center;
   color: #333333;
}
.singleletter {
   width: 15px;
   text-align:center;
}
.doubleletter {
   width: 20px;
}
.tripleletter {
   width: 25px;
}
.artcount {
   font-size: 12px;
   color: #555555;
}
.lettable {
   margin-left: auto;
   margin-right: auto;
   margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.lettable td {
   font-size: 10px;
}
.artsample {
   text-align: center;
}
.artsnap {
   width: 50px;
   height: 50px;
}
.excerpt {
   font-size: 10px;
   color: #444444;
}
-->
</style>
</head>

<body>
<!-- header --> 
<div class="bookmark">
<script  language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!-- Begin bookmark
if ((navigator.appName == "Microsoft Internet Explorer") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >= 4)) {

var url="http://www.opentopia.com";
var title="Opentopia - open search directory to public and open resources";

document.write('<A HREF="javascript:window.ext');
document.write('ernal.AddFavorite(url,title);" ');
document.write('onMouseOver=" window.status=');
document.write("'Bookmark this website!'; return true ");
document.write('"onMouseOut=" window.status=');
document.write("' '; return true ");
document.write('">Bookmark this website!</a>');
}
else {
var msg = "Bookmark this website!";
if(navigator.appName == "Netscape") msg += "  (CTRL-D)";
document.write(msg);
}
// End bookmark -->
</script>
</div>
<div class="supportLinks"><a href="http://www.opentopia.com/about.html">About Opentopia</a></div>
<div id="header"><a href="http://www.opentopia.com/index.html"><img src="http://www.opentopia.com/images/ot_logo.gif" alt="" height="100" border="0" /></a></div>
<div id="topNav">
<span class="topNavLinks"><a href="http://www.opentopia.com/index.html">Opentopia</a></span>
<span class="topNavLinks"><a href="http://www.opentopia.com/directory.html">Directory</a></span>
<span class="topNavLinks"><a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/">Encyclopedia</a></span>
<span class="topNavLinks"><a href="http://www.opentopia.com/tools.html">Tools</a></span>
</div>
	
<!-- end header -->

<div id="centerpart">

<!--<div align="center"><h3>The image server is currently down. Sorry for the invenience</h3></div>-->

<div id="content">

<h1>List of Proto-Semitic stems</h1>
<p><a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/">Encyclopedia</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/L">L</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/L/LI">LI</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/L/LI/LIS">LIS</a> : List of Proto-Semitic stems</p>
<hr />
<p>
<!--cur_id:777732-->
<p>

<div class="notice plainlinks"><em>This list is &#091;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Incomplete_listsincomplete" target="_blank">Incomplete listsincomplete</a>&#093;; you can help by &#091;http://encycl.opentopia.com/ expanding it&#093</em>.</div><p>

This is a list of Proto-Semitic stems with their reflexes in several <a href="/term/Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</a> (i.e. actually-pronounced forms with vowels, as opposed to Semitic pure <a href="/term/Triliteral">consonantal roots</a>).  Only stems attested in <a href="/term/Akkadian_language">Akkadian</a>, or with cognates in other <a href="/term/Afro-Asiatic_languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> groups, can be confidently included in Proto-Semitic; others must be placed in West Semitic.  There is some controversy in Semitic linguistics over the sibilants' pronunciation; see below.<p>

<!--
bilabial plosives:   b   p
interdental fricatives:   ḏ   ṯ   ṱ
dental plosives:   d   t   ṭ
sibilant:   &#X161; (recommended, because some users' browsers chew up a plain s-caron)
alveolar affricates:   z   s   ṣ
velar plosives:   g   k   ḳ
velar fricatives:   ġ   ḫ
pharyngeal fricatives:   ʻ   ḥ
glottals:   ʼ   h
resonants:   m   n   r   y   w
vowels:   a   ā   i   ī   u   ū
--><p>

<div class="tabcontent">
<div class="tabconthead">Contents</div>
<ul class="tabcontlist">
<li><a href="#Semitic_Sound_Correspondences">1&nbsp;Semitic Sound Correspondences</a></li><li><a href="#Proto-Semitic_Stems">2&nbsp;Proto-Semitic Stems</a></li><ul class="tabcontlist t2"><li><a href="#Body_parts">2.1&nbsp;Body parts</a></li><li><a href="#Animal_names">2.2&nbsp;Animal names</a></li></ul><li><a href="#Proto-West-Semitic_Stems">3&nbsp;Proto-West-Semitic Stems</a></li><li><a href="#External_links">4&nbsp;External links</a></li></ul>
</div>
<a name="Semitic_Sound_Correspondences" id="Semitic_Sound_Correspondences"></a><h2>Semitic Sound Correspondences</h2><p>

<table  ><tr>
<th > Description
</th><th > PS
</th><th > <a href="/term/Akkadian_language">Akkadian</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Canaanite_languages">Canaanite</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Aramaic_language">Aramaic</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Geez_language">Geez</a>
<tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiced_bilabial_plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">b</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">b</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḇ/b</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">በ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive">voiceless bilabial plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">p</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">p</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">p̄/p</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ፈ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiced_dental_fricative">voiced dental fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḏ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ẕ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḏ/d</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ዘ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_dental_fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṯ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s̱</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṯ/t</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ሠ, ሰ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Emphatic_consonant">emphatic</a> <a href="/term/Voiceless_dental_fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ẓ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s̭</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṭ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ዘ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiced_dental_plosive">voiced dental plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">d</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">d</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḏ/d</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ደ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_dental_plosive">voiceless dental plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">t</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">t</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṯ/t</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ተ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Emphatic_consonant">emphatic</a> <a href="/term/Voiceless_dental_plosive">voiceless dental plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṭ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṭ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṭ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ጠ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > (see notes)
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">&#X161;</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">&#X161;</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ሠ, ሰ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > (see notes)
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">z</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">z</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">z</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ዘ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > (see notes)
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ሠ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > (see notes)
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṣ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṣ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṣ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ጸ, ፀ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Lateral_approximant">lateral approximant</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">l</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">l</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">l</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ለ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ś</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ś</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">s</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ሠ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Emphatic_consonant">emphatic</a> <a href="/term/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḷ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ṣ́</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʻ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ጸ</font> ́
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiced_velar_plosive">voiced velar plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">g</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">g</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḡ/g</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ገ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_velar_plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">k</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">k</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḵ/k</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ከ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Emphatic_consonant">emphatic</a> <a href="/term/Voiceless_velar_plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">q</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḳ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">q</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ቀ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiced_velar_fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ġ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ġ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʻ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ዐ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_velar_fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḫ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḫ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḥ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ኀ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʻ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʻ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʻ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ዐ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḥ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḥ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ḥ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ሐ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Glottal_stop">glottal stop</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʼ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʼ</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">ʼ</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">አ 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Voiceless_glottal_fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">h</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">h</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">h</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ሀ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Bilabial_nasal">bilabial nasal</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">m</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">m</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">m</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">መ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Dental_nasal">dental nasal</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">n</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">n</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">n/r</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ነ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Alveolar_trill">alveolar trill</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">r</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">r</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">r</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ረ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Labial-velar_approximant">labial-velar approximant</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">w</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">w</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">w</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ወ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > initial <a href="/term/Labial-velar_approximant">labial-velar approximant</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">w-</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">y-</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">y-</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">ወ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > <a href="/term/Palatal_approximant">palatal approximant</a>
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">y</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">y</span>
</td><td    <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">y</span>
</td><td   <font size="+1">የ</font> 
</td></tr><tr >
<td > shut <a href="/term/Close_vowel">close vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > prestressed <a href="/term/Close_vowel">close vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > stressed <a href="/term/Close_vowel">close vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > long <a href="/term/Close_vowel">close vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > shut <a href="/term/Open_vowel">open vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > prestressed <a href="/term/Open_vowel">open vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > stressed <a href="/term/Open_vowel">open vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > long <a href="/term/Open_vowel">open vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > shut <a href="/term/Back_vowel">back vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > prestressed <a href="/term/Back_vowel">back vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > stressed <a href="/term/Back_vowel">back vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > long <a href="/term/Back_vowel">back vowel</a>
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr></table><p>

The original value of the four sibilants here transcribed as <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">/&#X161;, z, s, ṣ/</span> is controversial.  The traditional values are as given, but in recent years <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Semitic Unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none">/s, dz, ts, ṭṣ/</span> have been suggested, based on assimilations found in Akkadian.  In the latter case, those values should be substituted into the Akkadian transcriptions as well.<p>

<a name="Proto-Semitic_Stems" id="Proto-Semitic_Stems"></a><h2>Proto-Semitic Stems</h2><p>

<table  ><tr>
<th > English
</th><th > PS
</th><th > <a href="/term/Akkadian_language">Akkadian</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Syriac_language">Syriac</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Ge'ez_language">Ge'ez</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Mehri_language">Mehri</a>
<tr >
<td > earth
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > father
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > god
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > grape
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td    
</td><td    ('wine')
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > house
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > husband
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > king
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > milk
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > name
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > peace
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > sun
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > tree
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > >
<td   
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > water
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
</tr></table><p>

<a name="Body_parts" id="Body_parts"></a><h3>Body parts</h3><p>

<table  ><tr>
<th > English
</th><th > PS
</th><th > <a href="/term/Akkadian_language">Akkadian</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Syriac_language">Syriac</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Geez_language">Geez</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Mehri_language">Mehri</a>
<tr >
<td > blood
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > eye
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > hand
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > heart
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > tongue
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > tooth
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   *
</td><td > -
</td></tr></table><p>

<a name="Animal_names" id="Animal_names"></a><h3>Animal names</h3><p>

<table  ><tr>
<th > English
</th><th > PS
</th><th > <a href="/term/Akkadian_language">Akkadian</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Syriac_language">Syriac</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Geez_language">Geez</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Mehri_language">Mehri</a>
<tr >
<td > bull
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    (&gt; 'ox')
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > camel
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > dog
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > ?
</td></tr><tr >
<td > ewe
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td></tr></table><p>


<ul><li>Note: "ś" is used to transliterate Ge'ez <a href="/term/Shin_(letter)">šin/sin</a>, which could represent either "š" or "s," depending on the word and time period.</li></ul>
<a name="Proto-West-Semitic_Stems" id="Proto-West-Semitic_Stems"></a><h2>Proto-West-Semitic Stems</h2><p>

This is a list of cognates for which no <a href="/term/Akkadian_language">Akkadian</a> cognate is known or attested.<p>

<table  ><tr>
<th > English
</th><th > PWS
</th><th > <a href="/term/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Syriac_language">Syriac</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Geez_language">Geez</a>
</th><th > <a href="/term/Mehri_language">Mehri</a>
<tr >
<td > wasp
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td    (&gt; "bee")
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > holy
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td></tr><tr >
<td > son
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr><tr >
<td > white
</td><td   
</td><td    (&gt; "buttermilk")
</td><td   
</td><td > -
</td><td > -
</td><td   
</td></tr></table><p>

<a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a><h2>External links</h2>
<ul><li>&#091;<a href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/Sroots.html" target="_blank">Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots Index</a>&#093;</li><li>&#091;<a href="http://starling.rinet.ru/" target="_blank">Starling Etymological Databases</a>&#093;</li><li>&#091;<a href="http://www.klinopis.cz/" target="_blank">Akkadian dictionary</a>&#093;</li></ul><p>


<p>&nbsp;
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
google_ad_client = "pub-4730650820631726";
google_ad_width = 728;
google_ad_height = 90;
google_ad_slot = "9642457313";
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript"
  src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
</script>
<hr />
<p id="wpcredit">From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proto-Semitic_stems" target="_blank">here</a>. Support Wikipedia by contributing or <a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Fundraising" target="_blank">donating</a>.<br />All text is available under the terms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" target="_blank">Wikipedia Copyrights</a> for details.</p>
<!--saved cache to L/LI/LIS/List_of_Proto-Semitic_stems-->


</div><!-- end content -->

<div id="leftcolumn">

<form action="/search" method="get" name="searchform">
Search Titles
<input type="text" name="q" value="" size="14" maxlength="50" /><br />
<input type="image" src="http://www.opentopia.com/images/go.gif" align="middle" border="0" style="margin-top: 3px;">
</form>

<table class="lettable" summary="letters">
<tr><td><a href="/0">0</a></td><td><a href="/1">1</a></td><td><a href="/2">2</a></td><td><a href="/3">3</a></td><td><a href="/4">4</a></td><td><a href="/5">5</a></td><td><a href="/6">6</a></td><td><a href="/7">7</a></td><td><a href="/8">8</a></td><td><a href="/9">9</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/A">A</a></td><td><a href="/B">B</a></td><td><a href="/C">C</a></td><td><a href="/D">D</a></td><td><a href="/E">E</a></td><td><a href="/F">F</a></td><td><a href="/G">G</a></td><td><a href="/H">H</a></td><td><a href="/I">I</a></td><td><a href="/J">J</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/K">K</a></td><td><a href="/L">L</a></td><td><a href="/M">M</a></td><td><a href="/N">N</a></td><td><a href="/O">O</a></td><td><a href="/P">P</a></td><td><a href="/Q">Q</a></td><td><a href="/R">R</a></td><td><a href="/S">S</a></td><td><a href="/T">T</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/U">U</a></td><td><a href="/V">V</a></td><td><a href="/W">W</a></td><td><a href="/X">X</a></td><td><a href="/Y">Y</a></td><td><a href="/Z">Z</a></td><td><a href="/?">?</a></td><td><a href="/"></a></td><td><a href="/"></a></td><td><a href="/"></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>


<div id="mailform">
<form action="/term/List_of_Proto-Semitic_stems" method="post">
<p>
E-mail this article to:<br />
<input type="text" name="toemail" size="13" maxlength="50" /><br />
Personal Message:<br />
<textarea name="tomessage" rows="5" cols="12"></textarea><br />
<input type="submit" value="Send!" />
</p>
</form>
</div>

</div><!-- end leftcolumn -->


</div><!-- end centerpart -->


<script type="text/javascript"><!--
EXs=screen;EXw=EXs.width;navigator.appName!="Netscape"?
EXb=EXs.colorDepth:EXb=EXs.pixelDepth;
navigator.javaEnabled()==1?EXjv="y":EXjv="n";
EXd=document;EXw?"":EXw="na";EXb?"":EXb="na";
location.protocol=="https:"?EXprot="https":EXprot="http";
top.document.referrer?EXref=top.document.referrer:EXref=EXd.referrer;
EXd.write("<img src="+EXprot+"://nht-2.extreme-dm.com",
"/n3.g?login=opentopi&amp;pid=encyc&amp;auto=y&amp;",
"jv="+EXjv+"&amp;j=y&amp;srw="+EXw+"&amp;srb="+EXb+"&amp;",
"l="+escape(EXref)+" height=1 width=1>");//-->
</script><noscript><div id="naeXTReMe"><img height="1" width="1" alt=""
src="http://nht-2.extreme-dm.com/n3.g?login=opentopi&amp;pid=encyc&amp;j=n&amp;jv=n&amp;auto=y" />
</div></noscript>
</body>
</html>