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List of caliphs

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All years are according to the Common Era

Contents

The Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international consensus as the first four rulers; Shi'a Muslims believe that the first three were usurpers.

The Umayyads of Damascus

The Abbasids of Baghdad

The main branch, in Baghdad

(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Iberian peninsula and parts of North Africa)

The Umayyads (Rahmanid branch) of (Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Morocco)

The (Not widely accepted)

(During the latter period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Sultan)

The Abbasid branch of Cairo

(Note: The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate)

The Ottoman Padishahs

Originally the secular, conquering dynasty was just entitled Sultan, soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples Note: From 1908 onwards the Ottoman Sultan was considered the equivalent of a constitutional monarch without executive powers, with parliament consisting of chosen representatives.

The secular Republic of Turkey

The caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on March 3 1924.

The Sharifan house in (now Saudi) Arabia

A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Hashimi, King of al-Hijaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both 11 March 1924 and held them until his passing the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the khalifal office and style.

 

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