List of enacting formulae

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An enacting formula, or enacting clause, is a short phrase that introduces the main provisions of a law enacted by some legislatures. It usually declares the source from which the law claims to derive its authority. In other countries an enacting formula is not considered necessary and is simply omitted.

The simplest enacting formulae merely cite the legislature by which the law has been adopted, for example the formula used in Australia since 1990 is "The Parliament of Australia enacts". Alternatively an enacting formula may refer to the individual components of the legislature. The Parliament of the United Kingdom formally consists of three tiers, the monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and these are referred to individually in the British enacting formula, which reads

BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's [King's] most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows

Whether or not the head of state is mentioned in a formula depends on if they are formally considered a component of the legislature. In contrast to the practice in the United Kingdom, the enacting formula of the United States Congress refers only to the two houses of the legislature and does not mention the head of state. This is because the President of the United States, despite his extensive legislative role (in contrast to the head of state under a parliamentary system), is not considered to be a tier of Congress. The formula reads "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled".

While most enacting formulae invoke the legislature as the source of the law's authority some, in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty, cite the 'people' instead. For example in California the enacting formula is "The People of the State of California do enact as follows".

Contents

1 National legislatures

1.1 Former legislatures

2 Subnational legislatures

2.1 Australia
2.2 Canada
2.3 United Kingdom
2.4 United States

3 References

National legislatures

Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda: "ENACTED by the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda as follows:"
Parliament of Australia: "The Parliament of Australia enacts:"
*Prior to October 1990: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen [King], and the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia, as follows:"
*1901–?: "BE IT ENACTED by the King's [Queen's] Most Excellent Majesty, the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia, as follows:-"
Parliament of Barbados: "ENACTED by the Parliament of Barbados as follows:"
Parliament of the Bahamas: "Enacted by the Parliament of The Bahamas."
Parliament of Belize: "BE IT ENACTED, by and with the advice and consent of the House of Representatives and the Senate of Belize and by the authority of the same, as follows:-"
Parliament of Bermuda: "Be it enacted by The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and the House of Assembly of Bermuda, and by the authority of the same, as follows:"
Parliament of Canada: "Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:" (French: "Sa Majesté, sur l'avis et avec le consentement du Sénat et de la Chambre des communes du Canada, édicte:")
Parliament of Grenada: "Be it enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Grenada, and by the authority of the same as follows:-"
Parliament of India: "BE it enacted by Parliament in the [number of years since 1950] Year of the Republic of India as follows:—"
Oireachtas (Ireland)
*Standard: "Be it enacted by the Oireachtas as follows:—" (Irish: "Achtaitear ag an Oireachtas mar a leanas:—")
*For an act with a preamble: "Be it therefore enacted by the Oireachtas as follows:—" (Irish: "Achtuigheadh an tOireachtas ar an ábhar san mar leanas:—")
Parliament of Jamaica: "BE IT ENACTED by The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Jamaica, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-"
Estates-General of the Netherlands: "We Beatrix [or name of King or Queen], by the Grace of God, Queen [King] of the Netherlands, Prince [Princess] of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc. All, who shall see this or hear this read, Salute! be it known:" (Dutch: "Wij Beatrix, bij de gratie Gods, Koningin der Nederlanden, Prinses van Oranje-Nassau, etc., etc., etc. Allen, die deze zullen zien of horen lezen, Saluut! doen te weten::")
Parliament of New Zealand: "The Parliament of New Zealand enacts as follows:-"
Nigerian National Assembly: "ENACTED by the National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria"
Congress of Peru: "The Congress of the Republic has given the following Law" (Spanish: "El Congreso de la Republica ha dado la Ley siguiente")
Parliament of Romania: "The Parliament of Romania adopts the present law" (Romanian: "Parlamentul României adoptă prezenta lege")
Parliament of Saint Kitts and Nevis: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the National Assembly of Saint Christopher and Nevis, and by the authority of the same as follows:-"
Parliament of Saint Lucia: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the House of Assembly and the Senate of Saint Lucia, and by the authority of the same, as follows:"
Parliament of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-"
Parliament of Solomon Islands: "ENACTED by the National Parliament of Solomon Islands."
Parliament of South Africa: "BE IT ENACTED by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:—" (when preceded by a Preamble, THEREFORE is the formula's third word)
Parliament of Tuvalu: "ENACTED by the Parliament of Tuvalu-"
Parliament of the United Kingdom
*Standard: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's [King's] most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-"
*Under the Parliament Acts: "BE IT ENACTED by The Queen's [King's] most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-"
Congress of the United States: "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,"
National Assembly of Venezuela: "The Congress of the Republic of Venezuela decrees: the following..." (Spanish: El Congreso de la República de Venezuela Decreta: la siguiente"

Former legislatures

Congress of the Confederate States: "The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact,"^{[#endnote_CSA]}
Oireachtas of the Irish Free State
*Standard: "Be it enacted by the Oireachtas of Saorstát Éireann as follows:—" (Irish: "Achtuigheadh Oireachtas Shaorstáit Éireann mar leanas:—")
*For an act with a preamble: "Be it therefore enacted by the Oireachtas of Saorstát Eireann as follows:—" (Irish: Achtuigheadh Oireachtas Shaorstáit Éireann ar an ábhar san mar leanas:—")

Subnational legislatures

Australia

Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly: "The Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory enacts as follows:"
Parliament of New South Wales: "The Legislature of New South Wales enacts:"
Queensland Legislative Assembly: "The Parliament of Queensland enacts–"
Prior to 1993: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows."
Parliament of South Australia: "The Parliament of South Australia enacts as follows:"
Parliament of Tasmania: "Be it enacted by His Excellency the Governor of Tasmania, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and House of Assembly, in Parliament assembled, as follows:"
Parliament of Victoria: "The Parliament of Victoria enacts as follows:"
Parliament of Western Australia: "The Parliament of Western Australia enacts as follows:"

Canada

Legislative Assembly of Alberta: "HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, enacts as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia: "HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, enacts as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of Manitoba: "HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, enacts as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick: "Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, enacts as follows:" (French: "Sa Majesté, sur l’avis et du consentement de l’Assemblée législative du Nouveau-Brunswick, décrète:")
Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly: "Be it enacted by the Lieutenant-Governor and House of Assembly in Legislative Session convened, as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories: "The Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly, enacts as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia: "Be it enacted by the Governor and Assembly as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of Nunavut: "The Commissioner of Nunavut, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly, enacts as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of Ontario: "Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:"
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island: "BE IT ENACTED by the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Prince Edward Island as follows:"
National Assembly of Quebec: "The Parliament of Québec enacts as follows:" (French: "Le Parlement du Québec décrète ce qui suit:")
Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan: "HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, enacts as follows:"
Yukon Legislative Assembly: "The Commissioner of Yukon, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly, enacts as follows:"

United Kingdom

Northern Ireland Assembly: "BE IT ENACTED by being passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly and assented to by Her [His] Majesty as follows:"
*Parliament of Northern Ireland (1921-1972): "BE it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, and the Senate and the House of Commons of Northern Ireland in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-"
Scottish Parliament: Acts of the Scottish Parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula. Instead they begin with a phrase that reads: "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received Royal Assent on [Date]"
Tynwald of the Isle of Man: "WE, your Majesty’s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Council and Keys of the said Isle, do humbly beseech your Majesty that it may be enacted, and be it enacted, by the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Council and Keys in Tynwald assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows (that is to say):—"
States of Jersey: "THE STATES, subject to the sanction of Her Most Excellent Majesty in Council, have adopted the following Law-"

States of Guernsey: "THE STATES, in pursuance of their Resolution of DATE, have approved the following provisions which, subject to the Sanction of Her Most Excellent Majesty in Council, shall have force of law in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.

United States

California State Legislature: "The People of the State of California do enact as follows:"
Hawaii State Legislature: "Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Hawaii:"^{[#endnote_HI]}
Massachusetts General Court: "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:" ^{[#endnote_MA]}
New Jersey Legislature: "Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey:" ^{[#endnote_NJ]}
New York Legislature: "The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows,"^{[#endnote_NY]}
Ohio General Assembly:"be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Ohio" (sic)^{[#endnote_oh]}
Oregon Legislative Assembly: "Be It Enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:"
Pennsylvania General Assembly: "The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania hereby enacts as follows:"
Rhode Island General Assembly: "It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows:"^{[#endnote_RI]}
Texas Legislature: "Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Texas:"^{[#endnote_TX]}
Utah State Legislature:"Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Utah,"^{[#endnote_ut]}
Washington State Legislature: "Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Washington:"^{[#endnote_WA]}
West Virginia Legislature: "Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:"^{[#endnote_WV]}

References

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