List of enclaves and exclaves

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In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually continuous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous. See Enclave and exclave for a more detailed definition of Enclave and Exclave.

Enclaves which are also exclaves

• West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, was de facto a West German exclave, enclaved by East Germany. Many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main body of West Berlin, some by only a few meters. De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
• The town of Baarle ([51°26′N 4°56′E]) in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle-Hertog, a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle-Nassau, which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves.
• Büsingen, Germany ([47°42′N 8°42′E]) is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen, northern Switzerland. Germany also has a group of 5 enclaves created by a railway track between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau (south of Aachen) that was granted Belgian sovereignty.
• The town of Campione, in Italy ([45°59′N 8°59′E]), is enclaved in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland. It is part of Swiss customs, uses the Swiss Franc, and its inhabitants don't have to pay any income tax to Italy, but it is under Italian sovereignty.
• The Spanish town of Llívia ([42°28′N 1°59′E]), an exclave in southern France near Font-Romeu, a few kilometers east of the Principality of Andorra.
• In the eastern part of Belarus, the Russian exclave of San'kovo-Medvezh'e ([52°29′N 31°33′E]) is made up of two villages.
• Lithuania has a small exclave ([54°17′N 25°29′E]) near the Belarusan village of Konvelishki.
• The villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou in Cyprus ([34°59′N 33°47′E]), surrounded by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. Inside this base, the Dhekalia Power Station also belongs to Cyprus although it's surrounded by British land and is even divided in two by a British road.
• In Armenia, there exist three exclaves of Azerbaijan. Barxudarli ([41°00′N 45°13′E]) and Yuxari Askipara ([41°04′N 45°01′E]) in north-eastern Armenia. The other one, Karki (Kerki, [39°48′N 44°58′E]), is located north of the region of Nakhchivan (which is a detached fragment of Azerbaijan stuck between Armenia, Iran and Turkey).
• Reciprocally, there exists one Armenian exclave, a village called Artsvashen in north-western Azerbaijan ([40°38′N 45°31′E]).
• Madha ([25°19′N 56°14′E]) is an Omani territory enclaved in the United Arab Emirates which in turn hosts the tiny territory of Nahwa, an UAE enclave within Madha.
• On the India-Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch-Behar, there are 92 exclaves of Bangladesh, with a total area of 47.7 km^{2. Similarly, there are 106 exclaves of India inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km2. 21 of the Bangladeshi exclaves are within Indian exclaves. 3 of the Indian exclaves are within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave, Balapara Khagrabari, surrounds a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounds an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare.}
• The Fergana Valley, a region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet, has a large number of enclaves. Barak, a small Kyrgyz village is surrounded by Uzbekistan. The Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory and the Tajik village of Vorukh ([39°52′N 70°39′E]) and a small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land. The Uzbek towns of Sokh ([39°58′N 71°08′E]) and Shakhimardan and the two tiny Uzbek territories of Qalacha and Khalmion, north of Sokh are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory.
• Mount Scopus was a true enclave of Israeli territory within East Jerusalem between 1949 and 1967. Israel has controlled the whole of Jerusalem since 1967, but the exact status of East Jerusalem is disputed so it may still be considered an enclave.
• The Malawian islands of Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island are located within Mozambican territorial waters in Lake Nyasa.
• The Argentine island of Isla Martin Garcia ([34°11′S 58°16′W]) is surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters of the Río de la Plata.
• The French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon are surrounded by Canadian territorial waters.

Subnational enclaves which are also exclaves

• In Australia, the Australian Capital Territory is an enclave of New South Wales. The ACT also administers the separate coastal enclave of Jervis Bay on the New South Wales south coast. The Australian constitution (written before the founding of the ACT) specified that the site for the national capital should be wholly within New South Wales.
• In France:
• * The département of Vaucluse has a rather large exclave within the Drôme département. The Enclave des Papes[link] was part of the possessions of the Pope in France near Avignon; it was attached to Vaucluse when annexed after the départements were created (see Comtat Venaissin). The Enclave des Papes contains 4 towns: Valréas, Visan, Grillon and Richerenches.
• * The département of Hautes-Pyrénées has two exclaves in Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
• * The département of Meurthe-et-Moselle has one exclave inside Meuse.
• * The département of Nord has one exclave in Pas-de-Calais.
• In Spain, the Condado de Treviño is an enclave of the Basque province of Álava and administratively part of the province of Burgos in Castile-Leon. Also, Valencia has an exclave, Rincón de Ademuz between the provinces of Teruel in Aragon and Cuenca in Castile-La Mancha.
• In South Africa, the Eastern Cape Province has an enclave in KwaZulu-Natal Province, containing the town of Umzimkulu.
• In Switzerland:
• * Münchenwiler, part of the canton of Bern, is entirely surrounded by Fribourg.
• * Appenzell Innerrhoden has three exclaves, one of which, Grimmenstein, is enclaved by Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
• * The canton of Fribourg has two pieces, Surpierre and Vuissens, within the neighboring canton of Vaud, one bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel, and another enclave, Wallenbuch, within Bern.
• * Geneva has two small exclaves within Vaud, together forming the commune of Céligny. The larger has a shoreline on Lake Geneva.
• * Steinhof is an exclave of Solothurn, enclaved by Bern.
• In the United States of America:
• * Arapahoe County, Colorado has two exclaves within the City and County of Denver, one of which is the city of Glendale.
• *National Airport was built on reclaimed land in the Potomac River. The District of Columbia's boundary with Virginia runs to the high-water mark on the south side of the river. Therefore, until 1945, the site was considered to be an exclave of the District. Since then, the airport is officially deemed to be part of Arlington County, Virginia but it is under exclusive federal jurisdiction and is administered as if it was still part of the District.
• * The City of Cammack Village in Pulaski County, Arkansas is an enclave of the City of Little Rock.
• * The historic extent of Ellis Island belongs to Manhattan (New York County), but the surrounding portion created by infill belongs to Hudson County, New Jersey [link]. Liberty Island (site of the Statue of Liberty) also lies on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River.
• * The lands within numerous Indian reservations have been fragmented, with privately owned real estate intermixed with tribal, city, county, state, and federal authorities in a bewildering array of jurisdictional geographies.
• * The town of Killington, Vermont, voted on March 2, 2004 at a Town Meeting to secede from that state and join New Hampshire, whose border is 25 miles (40 km) away. This vote was repeated in the March 2005 town meeting, after a group of residents filed a new ballot warrant on the issue. In June 2005, the New Hampshire Legislature passed a bill which would establish a commission to negotiate the terms of the town's secession if and when Vermont opts to establish a commission of its own. However the State of Vermont is unlikely to allow Killington to secede. Also, the secession could not happen unless the two states actually came to a mutually acceptable agreement. A change in the two states' boundaries would also require the consent of the federal government. As things stand as of 2006, New Hampshire is happy to let Killington remain part of Vermont, and Vermont wants to hold on to Killington.
• * Numerous municipalities in the southeastern part of Delaware County, Pennsylvania have enclaves or exclaves.

Enclaves which are not exclaves

Lesotho (shown in green) is completely surrounded by South Africa.

Some enclaves are sovereign states, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:

• The republic of San Marino, enclaved within Italy
• Vatican City, within the city of Rome, in Italy
• The Kingdom of Lesotho, embedded inside South Africa

Subnational enclaves which are not exclaves

• In Austria, Vienna is an enclave of Lower Austria. Interestingly Vienna was also Lower Austria's capital until 1986.
• Nagorno-Karabakh is an enclave in Azerbaijan. The Nagorno-Karabakh region is under the military control of local Armenians, with tacit backing from the government of Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh has declared itself independent, but no other government has recognised this status.
• In Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region is an enclave of Flanders. Strangely enough, it is also Flanders' capital.
• In Brazil, the Brazilian Federal District is an enclave of the state of Goiás.
• In Canada, the city of Westmount and the town of Mount Royal are enclaves of the city of Montreal, Quebec. Collectively, the municipalities of Hampstead, Côte Saint-Luc and Montreal West form another enclave.
• In Colombia, Bogotá is an enclave of Cundinamarca, although it is also Cundinamarca's capital.
• In Denmark, Frederiksberg is an enclave of Copenhagen.
• In Finland, the town of Kauniainen is enclosed by the city of Espoo. The two are located west of Helsinki, in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
• In France, the commune of Plessix-Balisson is surrounded by the commune of Ploubalay.
• In Germany:
• * Berlin is an enclave of Brandenburg.
• * Bremen is an enclave of Lower Saxony. Bremen on its turn has has an exclave with access to the sea called Bremerhaven, 60 km to the north.
• In India: the city of Dadra, an exclave of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, is a true enclave of the state of Gujarat.
• In Malaysia, the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are enclaves of the state of Selangor.
• In Russia:
• * Moscow is an enclave in Moscow Oblast, although it is the administrative centre of Moscow Oblast. Also, some small exclaves of Moscow in Moscow Oblast exist. Again, St. Petersburg is the administrative centre of Leningrad Oblast, being an enclave in it, although this enclave is not true as it has access to Baltic Sea.
• * Adygea is an enclave in Krasnodar Krai.
• * The Aga Buryatia okrug is an enclave within Chita Oblast.
• * The Ust-Orda Buryatia okrug is an enclave within Irkutsk Oblast.
• In Switzerland, the two half-cantons of Appenzell are enclaved by the Canton of St. Gallen. Appenzell Innerrhoden is mostly surrounded by Appenzell Ausserrhoden, and both are completely surrounded by St Gall.
• In the United States of America:
• * The Hopi Reservation is surrounded by the Navajo Reservation.
• * The Township of Medford Lakes, New Jersey is completely surrounded by Medford, New Jersey.
• * Piedmont, California incorporated in 1907 to avoid annexation by Oakland, and is now surrounded by Oakland.
• * In 1956, Newark, California defected from the proposed incorporation of the communities of Washington Township as the city of Fremont. It is now an incorporated city surrounded by Fremont. Coincidentally Piedmont, Oakland, Newark and Fremont are all in Alameda County.
• * Highland Park and Hamtramck, Michigan border each other, but the two together are completely surrounded by Detroit.
• * The city of Center Line is completely surrounded by Warren, Michigan.
• * The borough of Mount Oliver, Pennsylvania is surrounded on all sides by the city of Pittsburgh.
• * The Commonwealth of Virginia has several county seats that are enclaved in the counties that they serve, but are not part of the counties, plus some other cities enclaved within counties. This situation exists because under Virginia law, all municipalities that are incorporated as cities are legally independent of any county.
• *The cities of Alamo Heights, Balcones Heights, Castle Hills, Hill Country Village, Hollywood Park, Kirby, Leon Valley, Olmos Park, Shavano Park, and Terrell Hills are all enclaves of San Antonio, Texas. [link]
• *The city of Payne, Georgia, more commonly called Payne City, is an enclave within the city of Macon, Georgia
• *The city of Maywood Park, Oregon is surrounded by Portland, Oregon, which annexed the surrounding lands after Maywood Park incorporated.
• *The city of San Fernando is an enclave in the city of Los Angeles, California. Beverly Hills and West Hollywood together form another. Santa Monica borders the Pacific Ocean on one side but it is otherwise completely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles
• *The city of Signal Hill is an enclave in the city of Long Beach, California.
• *The city of Villa Park is an enclave of city of Orange, California
• *The municipality of East Lansdowne in Delaware County, Pennsylvania is an enclave within Upper Darby.
• *The municipality of Narberth, Pennsylvania in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania is an enclave within Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania.
• *Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska is surrounded in all directions by the Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area of the Unorganized Borough.
• *The village of Thiensville is an enclave of the city of Mequon in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin.
• *The cities of Bellaire, West University Place, and Southside Place together form an enclave of Houston, Texas. The cities of Bunker Hill Village, Hedwig Village, Hilshire Village, Hunters Creek Village, Piney Point Village, and Spring Valley together form an enclave of Houston, Texas.
• *The cities of Highland Park and University Park together form an enclave of Dallas, Texas.
• *The cities of Minerva Park, Bexley, Whitehall, and Valleyview are all enclaves of Columbus, Ohio. The cities of Worthington and Riverlea together form an enclave of Columbus, Ohio.
• Caloocan City in the Philippines is cut into two by the city of Malabon.

Exclaves which are not enclaves

• Russia: Kaliningradskaya Oblast
• Angola: Cabinda
• Azerbaijan: Nakhichevan
• Brunei: Temburong District
• Croatia: Dubrovnik
• East Timor: Oecussi-Ambeno
• Northern Cyprus: Kokkina/Erenköy (de facto).
• Oman: Musandam and Madha
• Spain: Ceuta and Melilla
• United Arab Emirates: Nahwa
• United States: Alaska

Subnational exclaves which are not enclaves

• In the United States of America:
• *The westernmost part of Fulton County, Kentucky is a piece of land known as the Kentucky Bend, located inside a loop of the Mississippi River, detached from its mother state. The only road in the area goes south into Tennessee. This exclave exists because the Mississippi, which forms the boundary between Missouri (right bank) and Kentucky/Tennessee (left bank), crosses latitude 36°30', which defines part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee, three times.
• * Louisiana: A portion of St. Martin Parish is separated by Iberia Parish. A portion of West Feliciana Parish is separated by Concordia Parish. A portion of Madison Parish is separated by Warren County, Mississippi.
• * Norfolk County, Massachusetts has two exclaves: Brookline between Middlesex and Suffolk counties, and Cohasset on the coast of Plymouth County.
• * Sandoval County, New Mexico: During World War II, Los Alamos County was created out of parts of Sandoval and Santa Fe Counties, for the convenience of the Manhattan Project. That portion of Sandoval County which is within the San Ildefonso Indian Reservation, about 3 km², became an exclave bounded by Los Alamos County on the southwest, Santa Fe County on the east and Rio Arriba County on the north.
• * Numerous municipalities in the southeastern part of Delaware County, Pennsylvania have exclaves. For example, Springfield Township has an exclave separated from the main body of the township by the village of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania; Darby Township and Darby Boro (which are distinct municipalities from each other) each consist of two separate non-contiguous areas; and part of Upper Darby is separated from the main body of the township by Aldan and Lansdowne.
• * Alaska: A portion of the Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area of the Unorganized Borough is separated by Haines Borough. The Unorganized Borough is separated into multiple sections by the Haines and Yakutat Boroughs.
• In Austria, East Tyrol is an exclave of the Austrian state of Tyrol.
• In Belgium, Flanders has an exclave, the municipality of Voeren, whereas Wallonia also has an exclave, the municipality of Comines-Warneton. The territory of the German speaking Community of Belgium is also composed of two parts separated by a part of the French speaking Community.
• In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Orašje and Odžak are part of Federation enclaved between Republika Srpska and Croatia and divided from Federation by small strip of land called Posavski koridor that belongs to Republika Srpska. During the war in Bosnia there were also several enclaves controlled by Bosnia and Herzegovina which were surrounded by the army of Republika Srpska. The most famous was Sarajevo. Other besieged enclaves were Goražde, Srebrenica, Maglaj, Bihać and Orašje (which was connected with Croatian territory).
• People's Republic of China:
• * Xianghe County, Sanhe City and Dachang Hui Autonomous County of Hebei province make up an exclave lodged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
• In France, the commune of Ménessaire is an exclave of the department of Côte-d'Or between Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire.
• In Germany, Bremerhaven is an exclave of the state of Bremen.
• In Italy, the Comune di San Colombano, named after the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is an exclave of the province of Milano between the provinces of Lodi and Pavia.
• In Japan, Kitayama Village and Kumanogawa Town Enclave of Wakayama prefecture are located in the border between Mie and Nara prefectures.
• In the Netherlands, Amsterdam-Zuidoost is cut from other parts of the municipilaty of Amsterdam by land that belongs to the municipilaties of Ouder-Amstel and Diemen.
• In Switzerland:
• * Appenzell Innerrhoden has three exclaves, one of which is enclaved by Ausserrhoden; the two larger exclaves, which together form the district of Oberegg, are neighbors of both Ausserrhoden and Sankt-Gall.
• * Bern: Clavaleyres is surrounded by Fribourg and Vaud's exclave. The secession of the new canton of Jura in 1979 left Bern temporarily with another exclave, Laufental, bounded by Jura, Solothurn (main and both exclaves), Basel-Country and France. Laufental joined Basel-Country in 1994.
• * The "half-canton" of Obwalden is in two large pieces, separated by a strip of Nidwalden.
• * Solothurn has two exclaves, Dorneck and Thierstein, both bounded on the south by Basel-Country and on the north by France.
• * Schaffhausen, the only canton lying mostly on the north bank of the Rhine, is cut into three parts by German corridors to the Rhine. The middle part is the largest, and embraces the German enclave of Büsingen. The upper and middle parts border on Thurgau, the middle and lower parts on Zürich.
• In the Philippines
• *Cotabato City is separated from its region by the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.
• *Zamboanga City is separated from Zamboanga del Sur province by Zamboanga Sibugay.
• Seven of the eleven municipalities of Liechtenstein are in two or more pieces. (Some of the smaller exclaves are enclaves.)

\"Practical\" enclaves and exclaves

• The Spanish towns Ceuta and Melilla on the north coast of Morocco.
• The British colony of Gibraltar, on the south coast of Spain.
• Oecussi-Ambeno, a fragment of East Timor geographically within the Indonesian part of Timor (West Timor), but accessible from the sea.
• Cabinda, a territory north of its mainland of Angola, locked between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congo.
• The Russian territory of Kaliningrad, between Poland and Lithuania, which, before World War II, was the northern half of the German province of East Prussia, itself an exclave after World War I.
• The far south coast of Croatia, part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva county including the historic city of Dubrovnik, is separated from its mainland by the corridor of Neum which is the only seacoast of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• Five places in the United States cannot be reached by land except through Canada:
• * Alaska;
• * Point Roberts in northwestern Washington;
• * the Northwest Angle in Minnesota, a peninsula bordering Lake of the Woods;
• * Elm Point, a small piece nearby where the coastline of the Lake of the Woods dips slightly south over the border;
• * a similar unnamed sliver of land just west of Elm Point.
• The Russian village of Dupki is on the Estonian (west) coast of lake Peipus.
• Canada: St. Regis, Quebec: Part of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, it is attached by land to the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation in New York State; road access to the rest of Canada is only available through New York State.

Subnational \"practical\" enclaves and exclaves

• In Indonesia, the province of Yogyakarta is a coastal enclave of Central Java province with access to Indian Ocean in the south.
• In the Netherlands, the province of Overijssel has two exclaves on the Gelderland bank of the IJssel river opposite the towns of Olst and Wijhe, in which the villages of Marle (north exclave), Welsum and Welsumerveld (south exclave) are situated. There are cable ferries between Olst and Welsum and between Wijhe and Vorchten in the municipality of Heerde (there is no direct connection between Marle and the rest of Overijssel).
• In the United States of America:
• * The town of Carter Lake, Iowa, occupied a meander on the left bank of the Missouri River, until 1877 when flooding caused the river to jump its banks, shortening the main stream. The meander became an oxbow lake and Carter Lake now found itself on the right bank, attached to Nebraska. A lengthy court case ensued; the Supreme Court of the United States held that the sudden change in the river's course did not change the original boundary, and Carter Lake was still part of Iowa. (Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U.S. 359 (1892)). The Court delayed a final decree to allow Nebraska and Iowa to reach an agreement consistent with its holding, which they did. (145 U.S. 519 (1892)). All roads into Carter Lake run through Omaha, Nebraska.
• * Humarock, legally part of Scituate, Massachusetts, was separated from the rest of the town in the Blizzard of 1898, in which the mouth of the North River shifted. The island is only accessible via a bridge which connects it to Marshfield, Massachusetts.
• * Long Island, situated in Boston Harbor in Massachusetts, is part of the City of Boston yet remains accessible by road only from Quincy, Massachusetts.
• * The construction in 1895 of the Harlem River Ship Canal isolated Marble Hill, a small portion of the northern tip of Manhattan (New York County). Initially an island, it was later physically connected to the Bronx by the filling of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. It remains politically part of Manhattan, to which it is connected by the Broadway Bridge.
• * The "Lost Peninsula" in Monroe County, Michigan, can only be reached via Toledo, Ohio. It is otherwise surrounded by Maumee Bay in Lake Erie. ([Map])
• * California: The City and County of San Francisco has an exclave on Alameda Island, across San Francisco Bay and adjoining Alameda County. The exclave came into being as land on the border between the two counties was reclaimed from the Bay to build the Naval Air Station Alameda, now decommissioned. This small piece of open space cannot be reached from San Francisco (except by boat) without passing through Oakland and Alameda.
• * The port community of San Pedro, California is part of the City of Los Angeles but is connected to the rest of the city only by a narrow strip of land, four city blocks wide and several miles long.
• * Virginia :The Eastern Shore, comprising Accomack County and Northampton County, is located at the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula. It is connected to the rest of Virginia by the 23 mile (37 km) long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel.
• * Michigan: The Upper Peninsula is attached by land to Wisconsin. It can be reached from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan by the 5 mile (8 km) long Mackinac Bridge.
• In Switzerland:
• * Lucerne has two pieces separated from the main territory by the Vierwaldstättersee; one borders Schwyz, the other Nidwalden.
• * Nidwalden's district of Hergiswil is separated by an arm of the Vierwaldstättersee.
• * One of the pieces of Fribourg is a large exclave bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel.
• * Appenzell Innerrhoden has three small exclaves, two of which border on both Appenzell Ausserrhoden and on Sankt-Gallen.
• * Vaud has one exclave, Avenches, bordered by Lake Neuchâtel, Fribourg and the tiny Bernese exclave of Clavaleyres. The coast of Lake Neuchâtel is thus in seven pieces belonging to four cantons: clockwise from the north they are Neuchâtel, Bern (main), Vaud (Avenches exclave), Fribourg (main), Vaud (main), Fribourg (exclave), Vaud (main).
• In India:
• * The Union Territory of Daman and Diu consists of two coastal enclaves in the state of Gujarat.
• * Pondicherry is a Union Territory which is composed of Pondicherry City and Karaikal (coastal enclaves of Tamil Nadu), Yanam (coastal enclave of Andhra Pradesh) and Mahe (coastal enclave of Kerala).

Inaccessible districts

• The Austrian municipality of Jungholz is surrounded by German territory virtually everywhere, except at one point: the top of a mountain.
• The Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, can be reached by road from Oberstdorf, Germany, only.
• The Swiss village of Samnaun could initially only be reached by road from Austria. Thus in 1892 the village was excluded from the Swiss customs territory. The exemption was maintained even when in 1907-1912 a road was built to the Engadin valley.
• For similar reasons the Italian Livigno valley near the Swiss border is excluded from EU VAT area.
• Some villages in eastern Estonia can only be reached by a road which ventures inside Russian territory. One can drive on the road without any visa, but it is forbidden to stop before coming back to Estonia.
• Several farms on the border between Denmark and Germany.
• The village of Lutepää in eastern Estonia, reached by road only by traversing Russian territory.
• The western-most region of County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland contains a pene-enclave jutting into County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom).
• A valley, which includes five villages, called Macahel in northeast of Turkey can only be reached by road via Batumi in Georgia by vehicles, and as the snow shuts the paths which are completely within the borders of Turkey in winter, the road via Batumi is the only way for getting there.
• In the United States of America:
• * The Alaska Panhandle, though connected geographically, is inaccessible by road from the rest of the state. One must drive through Canada to reach the area from elsewhere in the state.
• * Hyder, Alaska, itself being located in a state that is an exclave of the United States, is in a location where because of mountains and rugged terrain, it can only be reached by road from the adjacent community of Stewart, British Columbia in Canada, thus it could be considered a practical enclave from both the U.S. mainland and from the rest of state of Alaska.
• The Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, can only be reached by road through a bridge linking the island to the U.S. state of Maine.

Subnational inaccessible districts

• United States of America:
• * Riker's Island, the jail complex of the City of New York, is considered to be in the borough of The Bronx, but is only accessible via the Riker's Island Bridge, which terminates in the Borough of Queens.
• South Korea:
• *Incheon Metropolitan City: Ganghwa Island is administered by Incheon, but is connected by bridges to Gyeonggi Province.
• **Yeongjong Island, where Incheon International Airport is located, is administered by Jung-gu, but is connected by bridge to Seo-gu. (A "gu" is a geo-political subdivision of S. Korea's metropolitan cities).
• In the United Kingdom, there is the village of Pentreheyling in Shropshire. Shropshire is in England, yet it is impossible to reach any other settlement in England by road without first passing through Wales (see [map]). In Flintshire,Wales, on the Dee estuary, there are several bits of marshland that are separated from other bits of Wales.

Historic enclaves/exclaves

• Bremen-Verden, Swedish Pomerania, and Wismar, Swedish enclaves in Germany after the Peace of Westphalia.
• Camp Zeist, a former United States Air Force base in the Netherlands, was in 2000 temporarily declared sovereign territory of the United Kingdom, in order to allow the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial to take place.
• Cheikh Saïd ([fr]) - former French enclave near Aden
• Comtat Venaissin
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli
• East Bengal (1947-1955) / East Pakistan (1955-1971), nowadays People's Republic of Bangladesh, was an exclave separated from West Pakistan by 1600 kilometers of foreign territory. East Pakistan accounted for 70 % of the exports of the country and was more populous than West Pakistan, and so in a sense it was actually the physically larger and politically more influential West that was the enclave and East Pakistan that was the Mainland.
• East Prussia, a German exclave during the Weimar Republic: it was separated from Germany after World War I, when Poland regained access to the Baltic sea. East Prussia (essentially the old Duchy of Prussia) is now divided into the Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia (see above), the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship in Poland, and Klaipėda County in Lithuania.
• Gwadar - till 1958, Omani coastal enclave inside Pakistan
• Lado Enclave
• Ifni
• Kowloon Walled City - enclave inside Kowloon, Hong Kong. Question of jurisdiction led to hands-off approach adopted by People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom until solution was agreed upon.
• Kwang-Chou-Wan
• Mount Scopus (in East Jerusalem) was an Israel exclave in Jordan between 1948 and 1967, before being reunited with West Jerusalem following the Six Day War.
• Portuguese India
• Qingdao
• Shanghai - British, American, and French Concessions, and [International Settlement]
• Walvis Bay was a South African exclave in Namibia, before being incorporated with Namibia upon its independence.
• Wei-Hai-Wei
• West Berlin
• Zadar

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