List of food additives

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This is (intended to be) a comprehensive alphabetical list of food additives. Also included is a list of food additive types, and a list of indirectly added substances. See also List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius, and List of food additives by type.

This article is incomplete. Please help by expanding it.

Contents

'''List of food additive types
'''Alphabetical index of food additives
Substances indirectly added to foods

List of food additive types

Acidity regulators
Anti-caking agents
Anti-foaming agents
Coloring
Color fixatives
Color retention agents
Emulsifiers
Firming agents
Flavor enhancer
Flour treatment agents
Food acids
Gelling agents
Glazing agents
Humectants
Improving agents
Mineral salts
Preservatives
* Antioxidants
Propellants
Seasonings
Sequestrants
Stabilizers
Sweeteners
* Artificial sweeteners
Thickeners
Vegetable gums

Alphabetical index of food additives

0-9

1,4-heptonolactone - food acid
2-hydroxybiphenyl - preservative

A

Abietic acid -
Acacia vera -
Acacia -
Acesulfame K -
Acesulfame potassium - artificial sweetener
Acesulfame -
Acetic acid -
Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
Acetylated distarch adipate - thickener, vegetable gum
Acetylated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
Acetylated oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Acetylated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Acid treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Adipic acid - food acid
Agar - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent
Alcohol -
Alfalfa -
Alginic acid - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Alitame - artificial sweetener
Alkaline treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Alkanet -
Alkanet - color (red)
Allspice -
Allura red AC - color (FDA: FD&C Red #40)
Almond oil - used as a substitute for olive oil. Also used as an emollient.
Aluminium - color (silver)
Aluminium ammonium sulfate - mineral salt
Aluminium potassium sulfate - mineral salt
Aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
Aluminium sodium sulfate - mineral salt
Aluminium sulfate - mineral salt
Amaranth - color (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the amaranth plant
Amaranth oil - high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids - used in food and cosmetic industries.
Amchur (mango powder)
Ammonium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
Ammonium adipates - acidity regulator
Ammonium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Ammonium bicarbonate - mineral salt
Ammonium carbonate - mineral salt
Ammonium chloride - mineral salt
Ammonium ferrocitrate - food acid
Ammonium fumarate - food acid
Ammonium hydroxide - mineral salt
Ammonium lactate - food acid
Ammonium malate - food acid
Ammonium phosphates - mineral salt
Ammonium phosphatides - emulsifier
Ammonium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
Ammonium sulfate - mineral salt, improving agent
Amylases - flour treatment agent
Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
Anise -
Annatto - color
Anthocyanins - color
Apricot oil - a cooking oil from certain cultivars.
Arabinogalactan - thickener, vegetable gum
Argan oil - a food oil from Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.
Argon - propellant
Rocket (Arugula)
Asafoetida -
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) - antioxidant (water soluble)
Ascorbyl palmitate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
Ascorbyl stearate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
Aspartame - artificial sweetener
Astaxanthin - color
Avocado oil - used a substitute for olive oil. Also used in cosmetics and skin care products.
Azorubine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)

B

Babassu oil - similar to, and used as a substitute for coconut oil.
Baking powder -
Baking soda -
Balm, lemon -
Balm oil -
Balsam peru -
Barberry -
Barley flour -
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) -
Basil extract -
Bay leaves -
Beeswax - glazing agent
Beet red - color (red)
Beetroot red - color (red)
Ben oil - extracted from the seeds of the moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.
Bentonite - anti-caking agent
Benzoic acid - preservative
Benzoyl peroxide - flour treatment agent
Berebere -
Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) - color
Beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid ethyl ester - color
Betanin - color (red)
Biphenyl - preservative
Bison grass (Hierochloe odorata)
Bixin - color
Black 7984 - color (brown and black)
Black cardamom -
Black cumin -
Blackcurrant seed oil - used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in cosmetics.
Black limes -
Pepper (black, white, and green) -
Black PN - color (brown and black)
Bleached starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Bolivian Coriander (Porophyllum ruderale) -
Bone phosphate - anti-caking agent
Borage (Borago officinalis) -
Borage seed oil - similar to blackcurrant seed oil - used primarily medicinally.
Borax - preservative
Boric acid - preservative
Brilliant Black BN- color (brown and black)
Brilliant blue FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Blue #1)
Brilliant Scarlet 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
Brominated vegetable oil - emulsifier, stabiliser
Brown FK - color (brown and black)
Bush tomato -
Butane - propellant
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) - antioxidant (fat soluble)
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) - antioxidant (fat soluble)

C

Cacao shell -
Cachou extract -
Cactus root extract -
Cadinene -
Caffeine -
Cajeput oil -
Calamus -
Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
Calcium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
Calcium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Calcium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
Calcium ascorbate (Vitamin C)
Calcium benzoate - preservative
Calcium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Calcium carbonates - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
Calcium chloride - mineral salt
Calcium citrates - food acid, firming agent
Calcium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
Calcium disodium EDTA - preservative
Calcium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
Calcium formate - preservative
Calcium fumarate - food acid
Calcium gluconate - acidity regulator
Calcium guanylate - flavor enhancer
Calcium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Calcium hydroxide - mineral salt
Calcium inosinate - flavor enhancer
Calcium lactate - food acid
Calcium lactobionate - stabilizer
Calcium malates - food acid
Calcium oxide - mineral salt
Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5)
Calcium peroxide -
Calcium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent, firming agent
Calcium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
Calcium propionate - preservative
Calcium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
Calcium silicate - anti-caking agent
Calcium sorbate - preservative
Calcium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
Calcium sulfate - flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent
Calcium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Calcium tartrate - food acid, emulsifier
False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa - available in Russia as ????????? ?????. Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.
Camomile -
Candelilla wax - glazing agent
Candle nut -
Canola oil/Rapeseed oil, one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar of rapeseed.
Canthaxanthin - color
Caper (Capparis spinosa)
Capsanthin - color
Capsorubin - color
Caramel I (plain) - color (brown and black)
Caramel II (Caustic Sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
Caramel III (Ammonia process) - color (brown and black)
Caramel IV (Ammonia sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
Caraway -
Carbamide - flour treatment agent
Carbon black - color (brown and black)
Carbon dioxide - acidity regulator, propellant
Cardamom -
Carmoisine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
Carnauba wax - glazing agent
Carob Pod -
Carob pod oil/Algaroba oil, used medicinally.
Carotenes - color
* Alpha-carotene - color
* Beta-carotene - color
* Gamma-carotene - color
Carrageenan - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Carrot oil -
Cashew oil - somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting cavities. [link]
Cassia -
Catechu extract -
Celery salt -
Celery seed -
Wheat germ oil - used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.
Chalk - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) -
Chicory -
Chile pepper -
Chili powder -
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) -
Chlorine dioxide - flour treatment agent
Chlorine - flour treatment agent
Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins - color (green)
Chocolate Brown HT - color
Choline salts and esters - emulsifier
Chrysoine resorcinol - color (red)
Cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
Sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
Cilantro (see Coriander) (Coriandrum sativum)
Cinnamon -
Cinnamon oil - used for flavoring.
Citranaxanthin - color
Citric acid - food acid
Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
Citrus red 2 - color (red)
Cloves -
Cochineal - color (red)
Coconut oil - a cooking oil, high in saturated fats - particularly used in baking and cosmetics.
Sage (Salvia officinalis) -
Copper complexes of chlorophylls - color (green)
Coriander -
Coriander seed oil - used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.
Corn oil - one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils.
Corn syrup -
Cottonseed oil - a major food oil, often used in industrial food processing.
Cress -
carmines - color (red)
Crocetin - color
Crocin - color
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
Cryptoxanthin - color
Cumin -
Cumin oil/Black seed oil - used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
Cupric sulfate - mineral salt
Curcumin - color (yellow and orange)
Curry powder -
Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) -
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) -
Cyclamates - artificial sweetener
Cyclamic acid - artificial sweetener
beta-cyclodextrin - emulsifier
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other species) -

D

Damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca, T. diffusa) -
Dandelion leaf -
Dandelion root -
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) -
Decanal dimethyl acetal -
Decanal -
Decanoic acid -
Dehydroacetic acid - preservative
Delta-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) medicinal
Dextrin roasted starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
Dicalcium diphosphate - anti-caking agent
Dilauryl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
Dill seed -
Dill (Anethum graveolens) -
Dimethyl dicarbonate - preservative
Dimethylpolysiloxane - emulsifier, anti-caking agent
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - emulsifier
Diphenyl - preservative
Diphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
Dipotassium guanylate - flavor enhancer
Dipotassium inosinate - flavor enhancer
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - antioxidant, preservative
Disodium guanylate - flavor enhancer
Disodium inosinate - flavor enhancer
Distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
Distearyl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
Dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) - antioxidant
Dodecyl gallate - antioxidant

E

Echinacea -
EDTA -
Egg -
Egg yolk -
Eggwhite -
Elderberry -
Eleutherococcus senticosus -
Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose - emulsifier
Enzyme treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
Epsom salts - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
Erythorbin acid - antioxidant
Erythrosine - color (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3)
Ethanol (alcohol) -
Ethyl maltol - flavor enhancer
Ethyl methyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid -
Evening primrose oil - used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.

F

Fantesk -
Farnesol -
Fast green FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Green #3)
Fat -
Favoxanthin - color
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Fenugreek -
Ferric ammonium citrate - food acid
Ferrous gluconate - color retention agent
Ferrous lactate -
Filé powder -
Five-spice powder (Chinese) -
Fo-ti-tieng -
Formaldehyde - preservative
Formic acid - preservative
Fructose -
Fumaric acid - acidity regulator

G

Galangal -
Galangal root -
Galbanum oil -
Gallic acid -
Gamma-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
Garam masala -
Garlic extract -
Garlic -
Garlic oil -
Gelatin -
gelatine (not classified as an additive) - Gelling agent, emulsifier
Gellan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Ginger -
Ginger oil -
Ginger root -
Ginseng -
Glacial Acetic acid - preservative, acidity regulator
Glucitol -
Gluconate -
Glucono-delta-lactone - acidity regulator
Glucose oxidase - antioxidant
Glutamate -
Glutamic acid - flavor enhancer
Gluten -
Glycerin - humectant, sweetener
Glycerol -
Glycerol esters of wood rosin - emulsifier
Glyceryl distearate - emulsifier
Glyceryl monostearate - emulsifier
Glycine - flavor enhancer
Glyoxylic acid -
Gold - color (gold)
Grains of paradise -
Grape color extract -
Grape seed oil - suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics.
Green S - color (green)
Green tea -
Guanylic acid - flavor enhancer
Guar gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
Guaranine -
Gum acacia - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Gum arabic - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Gum guaicum - preservative

H

Haw bark -
Hazelnut oil - used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.
Heliotropin -
Helium - propellant
Hemlock oil -
Hemp oil - a high quality food oil.
Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
Hesperidin -
Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) - preservative
Hexyl acetate -
High fructose corn syrup -
Horseradish -
Hydrochloric acid - acidity regulator
Hydroxypropyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
Hydroxypropyl starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) -

I

Indanthrene blue RS - color (blue)
Indigo carmine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
Indigotine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
Indole -
Inosinate -
Inosinic acid - flavor enhancer
Inositol -
Insoluble fiber -
Intense sweeteners -
Invert sugar -
Invertase -
Iron ammonium citrate -
Iron -
Iron oxides and hydroxides - color
Isobutane - propellant
Isomalt - humectant
Isopropyl citrates - antioxidant, preservative

J

Jasmine -
Jamaican jerk spice -
Jasmine absolute -
Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) -
Juniper -
Juniper berry -
Juniper berry oil - used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
Juniper extract -

K

Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix, C. papedia) -
Kaolin - anti-caking agent
Kapok seed oil - used as an edible oil, and in soap production.[link]
Karaya gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Kelp -
Kokam -
Kola nut extract -
Konjac - thickener, vegetable gum
Konjac glucomannate - thickener, vegetable gum
Konjac gum - thickener, vegetable gum

L

L-cysteine - flour treatment agent
Lactic acid - acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
Lactitol - humectant
Lactose -
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol - emulsifier
Larch gum -
Lard -
Latolrubine - color
Laurel berry -
Laurel leaf oil -
Lavender (Lavandula spp.)
Lavender oil -
Lecithins - antioxidant, Emulsifier
Lecithin citrate - preservative
Legume -
Lemon -
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) -
Lemon extract -
Lemon juice -
Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) -
Lemon oil -
Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) -
Lemongrass oil -
Leucine - flavor enhancer
Licorice -
Lipases - flavor enhancer
Lithol Rubine BK - color
Litholrubine - color
Locust bean gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Long pepper -
Lovage (Levisticum officinale) -
L(+)-Tartaric acid - food acid
Lutein - color
Lycopene - color
Lysine -
Lysozyme - preservative

M

Macadamia nut oil - used as an edible oil. Also used as a massage oil.
Mace -
Magnesium -
Magnesium carbonate - anti-caking agent, mineral salt
Magnesium chloride - mineral salt
Magnesium citrate - acidity regulator
Magnesium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
Magnesium hydroxide - mineral salt
Magnesium lactate - food acid
Magnesium oxide - anti-caking agent
Magnesium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent
Magnesium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
Magnesium silicate - anti-caking agent
Magnesium stearate - emulsifier, stabiliser
Magnesium sulfate - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
Mahlab -
Malabathrum -
Malic acid - acidity regulator
Malt extract -
Maltitol - humectant, stabiliser
Maltodextrin -
Maltol - flavor enhancer
Maltose -
Mandarin oil
Mangnese -
Mannitol - humectant, anti-caking agent, sweetener
Margarine -
Marjoram (Origanum majorana)
Mastic -
Meadowfoam seed oil - highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. [link]
Mentha arvensis oil/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. [link]
Metatartaric acid - food acid, emulsifier
Methionine -
Methyl butyrate -
Methyl disulfide -
Methyl ethyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
Methyl hexenoate -
Methyl isobutyrate -
Methylcellulose - thickener, emulsifier, vegetable gum
Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
Methyltheobromine -
Microcrystalline cellulose - anti-caking agent
Milk thistle (Silybum) -
Milk -
Mint (Mentha spp.) -
Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
Modified starch -
Molasses extract -
Molybdenum -
Bergamot (Monarda didyma) -
Mono- and diglycerides of Fatty acids - emulsifier
Monoammonium glutamate - flavor enhancer
Monopotassium glutamate - flavor enhancer
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) - flavor enhancer
Monostarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
Montanic acid esters - humectant
MSG -
Mullien (Verbascum thapsus)
Mustard -
Mustard oil (essential oil), containing a high percentage of allyl isothiocyanate or other isothiocyanates, depending on the species of mustard
Mustard oil (pressed) - used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.
Mustard plant -
Mustard seed -

N

Natamycin - preservative
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone - artificial sweetener
Niacin (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
* nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
* Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
Nigella (Kolanji, Black caraway) -
Nisin - preservative
Nitrogen - propellant
Nitrous oxide - propellant
Norbixin - color
Nutmeg -

O

Octyl gallate - antioxidant
Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis et al) -
Okra oil (Hibiscus seed oil) - from the seed of the Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominately of oleic and lanoleic acids.
Oleomargarine -
Olive oil - used in cooking - cosmetics - soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
Orange GGN - color (orange)
Orange oil - like lemon oil - cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods. [link]
Orcein - color (red)
Orchil - color (red)
Oregano (Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species) -
Oregano oil - contains thymol and carvacrol - making it a useful fungicide. Also used to treat digestive problems. [link]
Orris root -
Orthophenyl phenol - preservative
Oxidised polyethylene wax - humectant
Oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
Oxystearin - antioxidant, sequestrant

P

Palm oil - the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel.
Panax ginseng -
Panax quinquefolia -
Ponch phoran -
Pandan leaf -
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) -
Paprika -
Paprika extract -
Paraffins - glazing agent
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) -
Patent blue V - color (blue)
Peanut oil/Ground nut oil - mild-flavored cooking oil.
Pecan oil - valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil. [link]
Pectin - vegetable gum, emulsifier
Perilla seed oil - high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.
Phosphated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
Phosphoric acid - food acid
Phytic acid - preservative
Pigment Rubine - color
Pimaricin - preservative
Pine needle oil
Pine seed oil - an expensive food oil, used in salads and as a condiment. [link]
Pistachio oil - strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads. [link]
Prune kernel oil - marketed as a gourmet cooking oil [link]
Poly vinyl pyrrolidone -
Polydextrose - humectant
Polyethylene glycol 8000 - antifoaming agent
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate - emulsifier
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate - emulsifier
Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate - emulsifier, stabilizer
Polyphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
Polysorbate 20 - emulsifier
Polysorbate 40 - emulsifier
Polysorbate 60 - emulsifier
Polysorbate 65 - emulsifier
Polysorbate 80 - emulsifier
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone - color stabiliser
Pomegranate seeds (though some consider these a fruit, not a spice)
Ponceau 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
Ponceau 6R - color
Ponceau SX - color
Poppy seed -
Poppyseed oil - used for cooking, moisturizing skin, and in paints, varnishes and soaps.
Potassium acetates - preservative, acidity regulator
Potassium adipate - food acid
Potassium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Potassium aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
Potassium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
Potassium benzoate - preservative
Potassium bicarbonate - mineral salt
Potassium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Potassium bromate - flour treatment agent
Potassium carbonate - mineral salt
Potassium chloride - mineral salt
Potassium citrates - food acid
Potassium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
Potassium fumarate - food acid
Potassium gluconate - stabiliser
Potassium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Potassium hydroxide - mineral salt
Potassium lactate - food acid
Potassium malate - food acid
Potassium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Potassium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
Potassium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
Potassium phosphates - mineral salt
Potassium propionate - preservative
Potassium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
Potassium sodium tartrate - food acid
Potassium sorbate - preservative
Potassium sulfate - mineral salt, seasoning
Potassium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Potassium tartrates - food acid
Powdered Cellulose - anti-caking agent
Primrose (Primula) — candied flowers, tea
Processed Eucheuma seaweed - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Propane-1,2-diol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Propionic acid - preservative
Propyl gallate - antioxidant
Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
Propylene glycol - humectant
Propylene glycol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
Propylparaben - preservative
Pumpkin seed oil - a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria and Slovenia. Doesn't tolerate high temperatures.
Purslane -
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) -

Q

Quatre épices -
Quillaia extract - humectant
Quinoa oil - similar in composition and use to corn oil. [link]
Quinoline yellow - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10)

R

Ramtil oil - pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting.
Ras-el hanout
Raspberry (leaves)
Red 2G - color
Refined microcrystalline wax - glazing agent
Rhodoxanthin - color
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) - color (yellow and orange)
Rice bran oil - suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) -
Rubixanthin - color

S

Saccharin - artificial sweetener
Safflower oil - a flavorless and colorless cooking oil.
Safflower -
Saffron - color
Saigon Cinnamon -
Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor or Poterium sanguisorba)
Salt -
Sandalwood - color
Sansho -
Savory (Satureja hortensis, S. montana)
Scarlet GN - color
Sesame oil - used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India.
Sesame seed -
Shellac - glazing agent
Silicon dioxide - anti-caking agent
Silver - color (silver)
Luohanguo
Sodium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
Sodium adipate - food acid
Sodium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
Sodium aluminium phosphate - acidity regulator, emulsifier
Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
Sodium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
Sodium benzoate - preservative
Sodium bicarbonate - mineral salt
Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) - preservative, antioxidant
Sodium carbonate - mineral salt
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
Sodium citrates - food acid
Sodium dehydroacetate - preservative
Sodium erythorbate - antioxidant
Sodium erythorbin - antioxidant
Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
Sodium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
Sodium formate - preservative
Sodium fumarate - food acid
Sodium gluconate - stabiliser
Sodium hydrogen acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
Sodium hydroxide - mineral salt
Sodium lactate - food acid
Sodium malates - food acid
Sodium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent
Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
Sodium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
Sodium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
Sodium orthophenyl phenol - preservative
Sodium propionate - preservative
Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
Sodium sorbate - preservative
Sodium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
Sodium succinates - acidity regulator, flavor enhancer
Sodium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
Sodium sulfite - mineral salt, preservative, antioxidant
Sodium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
Sodium tartrates - food acid
Sodium tetraborate - preservative
Sorbic acid - preservative
Sorbitan monolaurate - emulsifier
Sorbitan monooleate - emulsifier
Sorbitan monopalmitate - emulsifier
Sorbitan monostearate - emulsifier
Sorbitan tristearate - emulsifier
Sorbitol - humectant, emulsifier, sweetener
Sorbol -
Sorrel (Rumex spp.) -
Soybean oil - accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production.
Spearmint oil - often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications. [link]
Star anise -
Star anise oil - highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. [link] 90% of the world's star anise crop is used in the manufacture of Tamiflu, a drug used to treat avian flu.
Starch sodium octenylsuccinate - thickener, vegetable gum
Stearic acid - anti-caking agent
Stearyl tartarate - emulsifier
Succinic acid - food acid
Sucralose - artificial sweetener
Sucroglycerides - emulsifier
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate - emulsifier, stabiliser
Sucrose esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
Sugar -
Sulfur dioxide - preservative, antioxidant
Sulfuric acid - acidity regulator
Sumac -
Sunflower oil - a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.
Sunset Yellow FCF - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6)
Sweet basil -
Sweet woodruff -
Szechuan pepper (Xanthoxylum piperitum) -

T

Talc - anti-caking agent
Tamarind -
Costmary -
Tandoori masala -
Tannins - color, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener
Tansy -
Tara gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) -
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
Tartrazine - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #5)
Camellia oil/Tea oil, widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.
Tert-butylhydroquinone - antioxidant
Thaumatin - flavor enhancer, artificial sweetener
Theine -
Thermally oxidised soya bean oil - emulsifier
Thiabendazole - preservative
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -
Thiodipropionic acid - antioxidant
Thyme -
stannous chloride - color retention agent, antioxidant
Titanium dioxide - color (white)
Tocopherol (Vitamin E) -
Tocopherol concentrate (natural) - antioxidant
Tragacanth - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
Triacetin - humectant
Triammonium citrate - food acid
Triethyl citrate - thickener, vegetable gum
Trimethylxanthine -
Triphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
sodium phosphates - Mineral Salt
Turmeric - color (yellow and orange)

V

Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) -
Vegetable carbon - color (brown and black)
Vinegar -
Violaxanthin - color
Vitamin -
* Vitamin A (Retinol) -
* Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) -
* Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -
* Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) -
* Vitamin B6 (Pyrodoxine) -
* Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) -
* Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) -
* Vitamin D (Calciferol) -
* Vitamin E {Tocopherol) -
* Vitamin K -

W

Walnut oil - used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints
Wasabi -
Water -
Wattleseed -

X

Xanthan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
Xylitol - humectant, stabiliser

Y

Yellow 2G - color (yellow and orange)
Yucca extract -

Z

Za'atar -
Zeaxanthin - color
Zinc acetate - flavor enhancer

References

[Australian Food Additive Codes]

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