List of kings of Persia
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The following is a comprehensive list of all Persian Empires and their rulers:
Contents
- 1 Early realms in Iran
- 1.1
- 1.1.1 Avan Dynasty (precise dates unknown)
- 1.1.2 Simash Dynasty (precise dates unknown)
- 1.1.3 Eparti Dynasty (precise dates unknown)
- 1.1.4 Igehalkid Dynasty (c. 1350 – c. 1200 BC)
- 1.1.5 Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1205 – c. 1100 BC)
- 1.1.6 Late Elam Dynasty (743–644)
- 1.2
- 2 Empire of Medians and Persians
- 3 Hellenistic rulers
- 4
- 5
- 6 Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran
- 6.1 Arab caliphs rule
- 6.2
- 6.3
- 6.4
- 6.5
- 6.5.1 Diylamids of Fars
- 6.5.2 Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman
- 6.5.3 Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan
- 6.6
- 6.7
- 6.8
- 6.9
- 6.10
- 6.11
- 6.12
- 6.13
- 7
- 8 See also
- 9 External links
Early realms in Iran
The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Some have offered evidence for a linguistic kinship between Elamite and the modern Dravidian languages of Southern India (see "Elamo-Dravidian languages") but this is not universally accepted. The proto-Elamites lived even as far back as 7,500 years ago in Iran. See remains here.
Avan Dynasty (precise dates unknown)
- Peli (fl. c. 2500 BC)
- Tata (precise dates unknown)
- Ukku-Takhesh (precise dates unknown)
- Khishur (precise dates unknown)
- Shushun-Tarana (precise dates unknown)
- Napil-Khush (precise dates unknown)
- Kikku-Sive-Temti (precise dates unknown)
- Lukh-Ishshan (fl. c. 24th century)
- Khelu (fl. c. 24th century)
- Khita (fl. c. 23rd century)
- Kutik-Inshushinnak (fl. c. 2240)
Simash Dynasty (precise dates unknown)
- Gir-Namme (fl. c. 2030)
- Enpi-Luhhan (fl. c. 2010)
- Khutran-Temtt (precise dates unknown)
- Kindattu (precise dates unknown)
- Indattu-Inshushinnak I (precise dates unknown)
- Tan-Rukhurater (precise dates unknown)
- Indattu-Inshushinnak II (precise dates unknown)
- Indattu-Napir (precise dates unknown)
- Indattu-Tempt (precise dates unknown)
Eparti Dynasty (precise dates unknown)
- Eparti I (precise dates unknown)
- Eparti II (precise dates unknown)
- Eparti III (fl. c. 1850)
- Shilkhakha (precise dates unknown)
- Attakhushu (fl. c. 1830)
- Sirukdukh (fl. c. 1792)
- Shimut-Wartash (c. 1772 – c. 1770)
Igehalkid Dynasty (c. 1350 – c. 1200 BC)
- Ige-Halki (c. 1350 – c. 1330)
- Pakhir-Ishshan (c. 1330 – c. 1310)
- Attar-Kittakh (c. 1310 – c. 1300)
- Khuman-Numena (c. 1300 – c. 1275)
- Untash-Naprisha (c. 1275 – c. 1240)
- Unpatar-Naprisha (c. 1240 – c. 1235)
- Kiddin-Khutran (c. 1235 – c. 1210)
Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1205 – c. 1100 BC)
- Khallutush-In-Shushinak (c. 1205 – c. 1185)
- Shutruk-Nahhunte (c. 1185 – c. 1155)
- Kutir-Nahhunte III (c. 1155 – c. 1150)
- Shilkhak-In-Shushinak (c. 1150 – c. 1120)
- Khutelutush-In-Shushinak (c. 1120 – c. 1110)
- Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar (c. 1110 – ????)
Late Elam Dynasty (743–644)
- Khumbanigash I (743–717)
- Shuttir-Nakhkhunte (717–699)
- Khallushu (699–693)
- Kutir-Nakhkhunte (693–692)
- Khumma-Menanu (692–689)
- Khumma-Khaldash I (689–681)
- Khumma-Khaldash II (681–680)
- Khumma-Khaldash II & Shilhak-In-Shushinak (680–676)
- Shilhak-In-Shushinak & Urtaku (676–664)
- Shilhak-In-Shushinak & Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak (664–653)
- Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & Khumbanigash II (653–651)
- Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & Tammaritu (651–649)
- Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & Indabigash (649–648)
- Indabigash (648–647)
- Khumma-Khaldash III (647–644)
The recent archeological findings at Jiroft have uncovered an "independent, bronze age, civilization with its own architecture and language" that have led some archeologists to speculate it to be the remains of the lost Aratta Kingdom. [1]
Empire of Medians and Persians
The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a closely related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC.
- Achaemenes, founder of the dynasty, king of Persia.
- Teispes of Anshan, his son, king of Persia, king of Anshan, died 640.
| Line of Cyrus | Line of Ariaramnes |
|---|---|
|
|
- Cyrus II the Great, established the Persian Empire and ruled it from 550–529.
- Cambyses II, his son, ruled 530–522.
- Smerdis, his alleged brother, ruled 522.
- Darius I the Great, son of Hystaspes, ruled 521–486.
- Xerxes I, his son, ruled 486–465.
- Artaxerxes I Longimanus, his son, ruled 464–424.
- Xerxes II, his son, ruled 424.
- Sogdianus, his half-brother, ruled 424–423.
- Darius II Nothus, his half-brother and rival, ruled 423–404.
- Artaxerxes II Memnon, his son, ruled 404–358 (see also Xenophon).
- Artaxerxes III Ochus, his son, ruled 358–338.
- Artaxerxes IV Arses, his son, ruled 338–336.
- Darius III Codomannus, great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336–330.
- Artaxerxes V Bessus, a usurper who murdered Darius and continued the resistance against Alexander the Great from 330–329.
Hellenistic rulers
- Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (330 BC–323)
- Philip III Arrihadeus (323 BC–317)
- Alexander IV (323 BC–310)
- Seleucus I Nicator (312/305–281)
- Antiochus I Soter (co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261)
- Antiochus II Theos (261–246)
- Seleucus II Callinicus (246–225)
- Seleucus III Ceraunus (225–223)
- Antiochus III the Great (223–187)
- Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175)
- Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164)
- Antiochus V Eupator (164–162)
- Demetrius I Soter (162–150)
- Alexander Balas (150–145)
- Demetrius II Nicator (145–139)
The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid Dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid 2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. There were more Seleucid rulers of Syria and, for a time, Babylonia, after Antiochus IV, but none had any effective power in Persia).
- Seleucus I Nicator (312/305–281)
- Antiochus I Soter (co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261)
- Antiochus II Theos (261–246)
- Seleucus II Callinicus (246–225)
- Seleucus III Ceraunus (225–223)
- Antiochus III the Great (223–187)
- Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175)
- Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164)
- Antiochus V Eupator (164–162)
- Demetrius I Soter (162–150)
- Alexander Balas (150–145)
- Demetrius II Nicator (145–139)
- Arsaces I c. 247–211 BC
- *(In some histories, Arsaces's brother Tiridates I is said to have ruled c. 246–211 BC.)
- Arsaces II c. 211–191 BC (frequently called Artabanus by early scholars)
- Phriapatius c. 191–176 BC
- Phraates I c. 176–171 BC
- Mithridates I c. 171–138 BC
- Phraates II c. 138–127 BC
- Artabanus I c. 127–124 BC
- Mithridates II c. 123–88 BC
- *Gotarzes I c. 95–90 BC
- Orodes I c. 90–80 BC
- Unknown king, c. 80–77 BC
- Sanatruces c. 77–70 BC
- Phraates III c. 70–57 BC
- Mithridates III c. 57–54 BC
- Orodes II c. 57–38 BC
- *Pacorus I c. 39–38 BC (co-ruler with his father Orodes II)
- Phraates IV c. 38–2 BC
- *Tiridates II c. 30–26 BC
- Phraates V (Phraataces) c. 2 BC–AD 4
- *Musa c. 2 BC–AD 4 (co-ruler with her son Phraates V)
- Orodes III c. AD 6
- Vonones I c. 8–12
- Artabanus II c. 10–38
- *Tiridates III c. 35–36
- Vardanes I c. 40–47
- Gotarzes II c. 40–51
- *Sanabares c. 50–65
- Vonones II 51
- Vologases I c. 51–78
- *Vardanes II c. 55–58
- Vologases II c. 77–80
- Pacorus II c. 78–105
- *Artabanus III c. 80–90
- Vologases III c. 105–147
- *Osroes I c. 109–129
- *Parthamaspates c. 116
- *Mithridates IV c. 129–140
- *Unknown king c. 140
- Vologases IV c. 147–191
- *Osroes II c. 190 (rival claimant)
- Vologases V c. 191–208
- Vologases VI c. 208–228
- *Artabanus IV c. 216–224
There were various regional client dynasties, often with significant autonomy. Like the Elymais client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient Elam, and kingdoms of Mesene in Lower Mesopotamia and Persis (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as Adiabene in Nothern Mesopotamia..
- Ardashir I, 224 to 241.
- Shapur I, 241–272, the first to claim universal rule: Iran and Aniran, i.e. the rest of the world.
- Hormizd I, 272–273.
- Bahram I, 273–276.
- Bahram II, 276–293.
- Bahram III year 293.
- Narseh, 293–302.
- Hormizd II, 302–310.
- Shapur II, 310–379
- Ardashir II, 379–383.
- Shapur III, 383–388.
- Bahram IV, 388–399.
- Yazdegerd I, 399–420.
- Bahram V, 420–438.
- Yazdegerd II, 438–457.
- Hormizd III, 457–459.
- Peroz I, 457–484.
- Balash, 484–488.
- Kavadh I, 488–531.
- *Djamasp, 496–498.
- Khosrau I, 531–579.
- Hormizd IV, 579–590.
- Khosrau II, 590–628.
- *Bahram VI, 590–591.
- *Bistam, 591–592.
- *Hormizd V year 593.
- Kavadh II, 628.
- Ardashir III, 628–630.
- *Peroz II, 629.
- Shahrbaraz, 630.
- Boran (Purandokht) and others, 630–631.
- Hormizd VI (or V), 631–632.
- Yazdegerd III, 632–651.
Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran
Arab caliphs rule
All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867.
divided, 867–1029
Diylamids of Fars
- Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan, Emir 932–939
- Azad o-dowleh, 939–982
- Sharaf o-dowleh, 982–989
- Samsam o-dowleh, 989–998
- Baha o-dowleh, 998–1012
- Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1024
- Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar, 1024–1048
- Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz, 1048–1055
Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman
- Mo'ez o-dowleh, 932–966
- Azad o-dowleh, Bakhtiar 966–977
- Azado o-dowleh Abu Shoja', 977–982
- Baha o-dowleh, 989–1012
- Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1021
- Abu Kalijar Marzban, 1043–1048
- Ghavam o-dowleh, 1012–1028
- Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon, 1048–1056
Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan
- Rokn o-dowleh, Sultan 932–976
- Mo'ayyed o-dowleh, 976–983
- Fakhr o-dowleh, 976–997
- Majd o-dowleh, 997–1029
- Shams o-dowleh, 997–1021
- Sama o-dowleh, 1021–1023
- Yagub Leith Saffar
- Abu Yusef Yaqub ebne Lais, surnamed "the coppersmith", Emir 861–878
- Amr o ebne Lais, 878–900
- Abol Hasan Taher ebne Mohammad ebne Amro ebne Lais, 900–908
- Lais ebne Ali ebne Lais, 908–910
- Abu Ali Mohammad ebne Ali ebne Lais, 910–910
- Abu Jafar Ahmad ebne Mohammad ebne Khalf, 923–963
- Abu Ahmad Khalf ebne Ahmad, 963–1002
- Adel; Amir Mazi Abyu Ebrahim Esmail ebne Ahmad, Emir 892–907
- Shaheed; Abu Nasr Ahmad ebne Esmail, 907–913
- Saeed; Abol Hasan Nasr ebne Ahmad, 913–942
- Hamid; Abu Mohammad Nuh ebne Nasr, 942–954
- Rashid; Abul Foares Abdolmaleh ebne Nuh, 954–961
- Mo'ayyed; Amir Sadeed Abu Saleh Mansur ebne Nuh, 961–976
- Radhi; Shahanshah Abolqasem Nuh ebne Mansur, 976–996
- Abol Hareth; Mansur ebne Nuh, 996–998
- Abol Foares; AbdolMalek ebne Nuh, 998–998
- Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
- Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
- Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
- Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
- Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
- Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
- Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
- Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
- Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
- Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
- Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
- Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
- Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
- Mahmud II 1118–1131
- Dawud (David) 1131–1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
- Mas'ud 1134–1152
- Malik Shah III 1152–1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
- Arslan Shah 1161–1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
divided, 1194–1256
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
- Ghotbedeen Mohammad ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah 1096–1128
- Alaodeen Abol Mozaffar ebne Ghotbedeen ebne Mohammad 1128–1156
- Tajedeen Abolfath Il Arsalan 1156–1171
- Jalaledeen Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan 1171–1172
- Aladdin Takesh ebne Il Arsalan 1172–1199
- Soltan Jalaledeen Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh1199–1220
- Jalaledeen ebne Aladdin Mohammad 1220–1230
Eliminated for good by the Mongol horde
The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a pagan Mongol horde, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, dauther of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
Rulers in Transoxiana:
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
Rulers in Khurasan:
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
conquered by the Uzbeks
Rulers in Herat:
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
- Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
- Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I
conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
See also
External links
- http://www.family-of-man.com/CatalogEnglish/Asia/Central_Asia/timurid_emirate.html
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Diylamids of Fars
- Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan, Emir 932–939
- Azad o-dowleh, 939–982
- Sharaf o-dowleh, 982–989
- Samsam o-dowleh, 989–998
- Baha o-dowleh, 998–1012
- Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1024
- Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar, 1024–1048
- Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz, 1048–1055
Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman
- Mo'ez o-dowleh, 932–966
- Azad o-dowleh, Bakhtiar 966–977
- Azado o-dowleh Abu Shoja', 977–982
- Baha o-dowleh, 989–1012
- Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1021
- Abu Kalijar Marzban, 1043–1048
- Ghavam o-dowleh, 1012–1028
- Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon, 1048–1056
Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan
- Rokn o-dowleh, Sultan 932–976
- Mo'ayyed o-dowleh, 976–983
- Fakhr o-dowleh, 976–997
- Majd o-dowleh, 997–1029
- Shams o-dowleh, 997–1021
- Sama o-dowleh, 1021–1023
- Yagub Leith Saffar
- Abu Yusef Yaqub ebne Lais, surnamed "the coppersmith", Emir 861–878
- Amr o ebne Lais, 878–900
- Abol Hasan Taher ebne Mohammad ebne Amro ebne Lais, 900–908
- Lais ebne Ali ebne Lais, 908–910
- Abu Ali Mohammad ebne Ali ebne Lais, 910–910
- Abu Jafar Ahmad ebne Mohammad ebne Khalf, 923–963
- Abu Ahmad Khalf ebne Ahmad, 963–1002
- Adel; Amir Mazi Abyu Ebrahim Esmail ebne Ahmad, Emir 892–907
- Shaheed; Abu Nasr Ahmad ebne Esmail, 907–913
- Saeed; Abol Hasan Nasr ebne Ahmad, 913–942
- Hamid; Abu Mohammad Nuh ebne Nasr, 942–954
- Rashid; Abul Foares Abdolmaleh ebne Nuh, 954–961
- Mo'ayyed; Amir Sadeed Abu Saleh Mansur ebne Nuh, 961–976
- Radhi; Shahanshah Abolqasem Nuh ebne Mansur, 976–996
- Abol Hareth; Mansur ebne Nuh, 996–998
- Abol Foares; AbdolMalek ebne Nuh, 998–998
- Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
- Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
- Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
- Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
- Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
- Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
- Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
- Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
- Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
- Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
- Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
- Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
- Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
- Mahmud II 1118–1131
- Dawud (David) 1131–1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
- Mas'ud 1134–1152
- Malik Shah III 1152–1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
- Arslan Shah 1161–1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
divided, 1194–1256
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
- Ghotbedeen Mohammad ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah 1096–1128
- Alaodeen Abol Mozaffar ebne Ghotbedeen ebne Mohammad 1128–1156
- Tajedeen Abolfath Il Arsalan 1156–1171
- Jalaledeen Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan 1171–1172
- Aladdin Takesh ebne Il Arsalan 1172–1199
- Soltan Jalaledeen Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh1199–1220
- Jalaledeen ebne Aladdin Mohammad 1220–1230
Eliminated for good by the Mongol horde
The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a pagan Mongol horde, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, dauther of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
Rulers in Transoxiana:
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
Rulers in Khurasan:
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
conquered by the Uzbeks
Rulers in Herat:
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
- Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
- Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I
conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
See also
External links
- http://www.family-of-man.com/CatalogEnglish/Asia/Central_Asia/timurid_emirate.html
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.
Diylamids of Fars
- Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan, Emir 932–939
- Azad o-dowleh, 939–982
- Sharaf o-dowleh, 982–989
- Samsam o-dowleh, 989–998
- Baha o-dowleh, 998–1012
- Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1024
- Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar, 1024–1048
- Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz, 1048–1055
Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman
- Mo'ez o-dowleh, 932–966
- Azad o-dowleh, Bakhtiar 966–977
- Azado o-dowleh Abu Shoja', 977–982
- Baha o-dowleh, 989–1012
- Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1021
- Abu Kalijar Marzban, 1043–1048
- Ghavam o-dowleh, 1012–1028
- Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon, 1048–1056
Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan
- Rokn o-dowleh, Sultan 932–976
- Mo'ayyed o-dowleh, 976–983
- Fakhr o-dowleh, 976–997
- Majd o-dowleh, 997–1029
- Shams o-dowleh, 997–1021
- Sama o-dowleh, 1021–1023
- Yagub Leith Saffar
- Abu Yusef Yaqub ebne Lais, surnamed "the coppersmith", Emir 861–878
- Amr o ebne Lais, 878–900
- Abol Hasan Taher ebne Mohammad ebne Amro ebne Lais, 900–908
- Lais ebne Ali ebne Lais, 908–910
- Abu Ali Mohammad ebne Ali ebne Lais, 910–910
- Abu Jafar Ahmad ebne Mohammad ebne Khalf, 923–963
- Abu Ahmad Khalf ebne Ahmad, 963–1002
- Adel; Amir Mazi Abyu Ebrahim Esmail ebne Ahmad, Emir 892–907
- Shaheed; Abu Nasr Ahmad ebne Esmail, 907–913
- Saeed; Abol Hasan Nasr ebne Ahmad, 913–942
- Hamid; Abu Mohammad Nuh ebne Nasr, 942–954
- Rashid; Abul Foares Abdolmaleh ebne Nuh, 954–961
- Mo'ayyed; Amir Sadeed Abu Saleh Mansur ebne Nuh, 961–976
- Radhi; Shahanshah Abolqasem Nuh ebne Mansur, 976–996
- Abol Hareth; Mansur ebne Nuh, 996–998
- Abol Foares; AbdolMalek ebne Nuh, 998–998
- Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
- Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
- Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
- Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
- Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
- Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
- Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
- Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
- Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
- Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
- Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
- Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
- Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
- Mahmud II 1118–1131
- Dawud (David) 1131–1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
- Mas'ud 1134–1152
- Malik Shah III 1152–1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
- Arslan Shah 1161–1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
divided, 1194–1256
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
- Ghotbedeen Mohammad ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah 1096–1128
- Alaodeen Abol Mozaffar ebne Ghotbedeen ebne Mohammad 1128–1156
- Tajedeen Abolfath Il Arsalan 1156–1171
- Jalaledeen Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan 1171–1172
- Aladdin Takesh ebne Il Arsalan 1172–1199
- Soltan Jalaledeen Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh1199–1220
- Jalaledeen ebne Aladdin Mohammad 1220–1230
Eliminated for good by the Mongol horde
The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a pagan Mongol horde, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, dauther of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
Rulers in Transoxiana:
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
Rulers in Khurasan:
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
conquered by the Uzbeks
Rulers in Herat:
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
- Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
- Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I
conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
See also
External links
- http://www.family-of-man.com/CatalogEnglish/Asia/Central_Asia/timurid_emirate.html
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.
- Adel; Amir Mazi Abyu Ebrahim Esmail ebne Ahmad, Emir 892–907
- Shaheed; Abu Nasr Ahmad ebne Esmail, 907–913
- Saeed; Abol Hasan Nasr ebne Ahmad, 913–942
- Hamid; Abu Mohammad Nuh ebne Nasr, 942–954
- Rashid; Abul Foares Abdolmaleh ebne Nuh, 954–961
- Mo'ayyed; Amir Sadeed Abu Saleh Mansur ebne Nuh, 961–976
- Radhi; Shahanshah Abolqasem Nuh ebne Mansur, 976–996
- Abol Hareth; Mansur ebne Nuh, 996–998
- Abol Foares; AbdolMalek ebne Nuh, 998–998
- Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
- Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
- Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
- Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
- Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
- Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
- Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
- Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
- Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
- Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
- Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
- Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
- Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
- Mahmud II 1118–1131
- Dawud (David) 1131–1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
- Mas'ud 1134–1152
- Malik Shah III 1152–1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
- Arslan Shah 1161–1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
divided, 1194–1256
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
- Ghotbedeen Mohammad ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah 1096–1128
- Alaodeen Abol Mozaffar ebne Ghotbedeen ebne Mohammad 1128–1156
- Tajedeen Abolfath Il Arsalan 1156–1171
- Jalaledeen Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan 1171–1172
- Aladdin Takesh ebne Il Arsalan 1172–1199
- Soltan Jalaledeen Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh1199–1220
- Jalaledeen ebne Aladdin Mohammad 1220–1230
Eliminated for good by the Mongol horde
The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a pagan Mongol horde, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, dauther of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
Rulers in Transoxiana:
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
Rulers in Khurasan:
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
conquered by the Uzbeks
Rulers in Herat:
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
- Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
- Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I
conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
See also
External links
- http://www.family-of-man.com/CatalogEnglish/Asia/Central_Asia/timurid_emirate.html
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
- Mahmud II 1118–1131
- Dawud (David) 1131–1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
- Mas'ud 1134–1152
- Malik Shah III 1152–1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
- Arslan Shah 1161–1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
- Ghotbedeen Mohammad ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah 1096–1128
- Alaodeen Abol Mozaffar ebne Ghotbedeen ebne Mohammad 1128–1156
- Tajedeen Abolfath Il Arsalan 1156–1171
- Jalaledeen Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan 1171–1172
- Aladdin Takesh ebne Il Arsalan 1172–1199
- Soltan Jalaledeen Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh1199–1220
- Jalaledeen ebne Aladdin Mohammad 1220–1230
Eliminated for good by the Mongol horde
The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a pagan Mongol horde, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, dauther of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
Rulers in Transoxiana:
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
Rulers in Khurasan:
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
conquered by the Uzbeks
Rulers in Herat:
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
- Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
- Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I
conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
See also
External links
- http://www.family-of-man.com/CatalogEnglish/Asia/Central_Asia/timurid_emirate.html
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, dauther of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz ), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
Rulers in Transoxiana:
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
Rulers in Khurasan:
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
- Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1405–1407, effectively ruled in Fars
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- *Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- *Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
- Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
- 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
- Abd-Allah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
- Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459
- Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
- Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
- Ibrahim, 1457
- Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
Rulers in Herat:
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
- Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
- Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).
In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
See also
External links
- http://www.family-of-man.com/CatalogEnglish/Asia/Central_Asia/timurid_emirate.html
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.