List of states in the Holy Roman Empire

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This is a list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire at any time within the empire's existence between 962 and 1806.

1700's: The Holy Roman Empire consisted of over 1800 separate immediate territories governed by distinct authorities.
1792: There were approximately 150 secular territorial rulers with the status of Imperial Estate.

Table of contents
Table of states *Key *Table Grouped lists *Ecclesiastical orders *Livonian territories *Territories of Old Princely Families *Italian territories *Territories of New Princely Families See also

Table of states

Warning: The list is in development, and as yet far from complete.

Whilst any such list could never be truly definitive, nevertheless the list below attempts to be as comprehensive as possible.

It is not limited to feudal entities that possessed Reichsunmittelbarkeit, i.e. under direct authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, but includes quite some other lordships, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs.

There is also a separate list of Imperial Free Cities, as well as a list of participants in the Reichstag as of 1792.

Key

• The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to.
• The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).

Circles		Benches
Aust	Austrian Circle	EL	College of Electoral Princes, the exclusive elite formally electing the Holy Roman Emperor
Bav	Bavarian Circle	EC	Spiritual Bench of the College of Princes (individual voice)
Burg	Burgundian Circle	PR	Secular Bench of the College of Princes (individual voice)
El Rhin	Electoral Rhenish Circle	RP	Rhenish prelates (College of Princes)
Franc	Franconian Circle	SP	Swabian prelates (College of Princes)
Low Rhen	Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle	FC	Franconian counts (College of Princes)
Low Sax	Lower Saxon Circle	SC	Swabian counts (College of Princes)
Upp Rhin	Upper Rhenish Circle	WE	Westphalian counts (College of Princes)
Upp Sax	Upper Saxon Circle	WT	Wetterau counts (College of Princes)
Swab	Swabian Circle	RH	Rhenish Bench of the College of Imperial Cities
None	"Circle-free"	SW	Swabian Bench of the College of Imperial Cities

Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform.

Other abbreviations used in the list are:

Abp.	Archbishopric
Bp.	Bishopric
Co.	Countship (sometimes also called county)
D.	Duchy
Ldg.	Landgraviate
Mrg.	Margraviate
Pr.	Principality
RA	Reichsabtei (Imperial abbacy, an monastery enjoying Reichsumitelbarkeit)

Definition of Terms

Imperial Abbey Reichsabt: A Reichsabt, literally 'Imperial Abbot' or 'Abbot of the Empire', was an Abbot whose abbey was granted within the Holy Roman Empire the status of Reichsabtei (or Reichskloster), literally 'Imperial Abbey' (or - Monastery), meaning that it enjoyed Reichsfreiheit, like an Imperial City, making him a prince of the church, with the rank of a Prince of the Empire, like a prince-bishop.

Imperial Circle: An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Reichstag (Imperial Diet).

Imperial Diet Reichstag (institution): The Reichstag was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and Germany until 1945.

Imperial Estate: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials (such as the Hereditary Usher) were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States.

Imperial Free City: In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (in Dutch: vrije rijksstad, German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops. Free cities also had independent representation in the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire.

Imperial Immediacy Reichsfreiheit: The Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit (adjectives reichsfrei, reichsunmittelbar) was a privileged feudal and political status, a form of statehood, which a city, religious entity or feudal principality of minor lordship could attain whithin the Holy Roman Empire. It is translated as ==imperial immediacy==. A reichsfrei city, abbey or territory was under the direct authority of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Imperial Diet, without any intermediary Liege lord(s). Advantages were that reichsfrei regions had the right to collect taxes and tolls themselves, and held juridical rights (including the Blutgericht, 'high' justice including capital punishment) themselves. De facto Reichsfreiheit corresponded to a semi-independence with a far-reaching autonomy.

Imperial Reform: In 1495, an attempt was made at a Reichstag in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: Reichsreform).

Imperial State: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet.

Mediatization: Mediatization, defined broadly, is the annexation of one monarchy by another monarchy in such a way that the ruler of the annexed state keeps his or her noble title, and sometimes a measure of power. Thus, for example, when a sovereign county is annexed to a larger principality, its reigning count might find himself subordinated to a prince, but would nevertheless remain a count, rather than be stripped of his title.

Prince of the Empire: A Prince of the Empire is any ruling Prince whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire (not only German-speaking countries, but also many bordering and extensive neighbouring regions) and entitled to a voting seat (or in a collective voting unit, such as the Grafenbank) in Imperial Diet or "Reichstag".

Prince-abbot: A Prince-abbott is a cleric who is a prince of the church (like a prince-bishop) in the sense of an ex-offico temporal lord of a feudal entity, known as prince-abbacy or abbey-principality, in an area that is ruled by the head of an abbey. The designated abbey may be a monastery or a convent. Thus, because of the possibility of it being a convent, an abbey-principality is one of the only cases in which the rule can be restricted to female incumbents, styled princess-abbess. In many cases they were prince of the empire of a Reichsabtei in or near Germany, with a seat in the Reichstag (imperial diet).

Prince-Bishop: A Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial prince of the church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent nobiliary titles held concurrently with their inherent clerical office. If the see is an archbishopric, the correct term is prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular clergy is a prince-abbot.

Prince-elector: The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire (German: singular, Kurfürst, plural, Kurfürsten) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors.

Secularization: Secularization is a process of transformation as a society slowly migrates from close identification with the local institutions of religion to a more clearly separated relationship.

Notes Column

In the "Notes" column, it is interesting to show, in capsule form, the a) territorial development of the different states or polities (acquisition or loss of possessions, union of rulers or dynasties, etc.); b) royal or noble dynasties, including their various branches, which ruled over territories or polities; c) transmission of succession rights (marriage, female succession, conquest, cession, pledge, etc.); d) attributes of "statehood" (right to mint coins, holding markets and fairs, entering into treaties and pacts, appointment of civil officials, etc.) and e) the size of territory and population of the various polities whenever data is available.

State of the Empire (Reichsstand)

The following excerpt from Francois Velde's "Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law" provides an excellent overview on what a "State of the Empire" is. He has other very informative and well-researched articles in his "Heraldica" web site.

"The special status of these families manifested itself in the constitution of the Empire as it evolved in the 16th c. (Please see first a general presentation of the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire.) To the status of territorial ruler corresponded a seat and vote in one of the colleges of the Reichstag, the Imperial Diet. In the late 16th c., the multiplication of votes due to territorial fragmentation led to reforms. After the Diet held at Augsburg in 1582, the list of votes remained fixed, notwithstanding further territorial divisions. Furthermore, the right to vote became attached to a land, rather than to a person or family (of course, land was inheritable within families). A member of the Diet with seat and vote (individual or shared) was called a Reichsstand, or state of the Empire.

"At some point (Abt 1911, 103 n2 cites various possible dates, from the turn of the 16th c. to 1653 to the 18th c.), the definition of Hochadel became congruent with being a Reichsstand (adjective: reichsständisch). The reason is that the Emperor, as 'fons nobilitatium,' had the power to create new princes, counts and barons of the Empire, a power which he began to use more frequently. The existing princes, counts and barons were obviously loathe to see the value of their title diminished. The members of the Diet complained and, after 1582, it became the rule that such new princes and counts would not of right have a seat at the Diet. Furthermore, in 1653 the Electoral Capitulation included strict rules on the process by which the Emperor could create new states of the Empire. In particular, any new member had to possess an immediate territory of sufficient size, and had to be accepted by his peers (princes or counts).

"Thus a distinction emerged between families that were part of the Diet in 1582 : the 'old princely' and 'old comital' (altfürstliche, altgräfliche) families -- families who were admitted to the Diet between 1582 and 1803:

the 'new princely' (neufürstliche) and 'new comital' (neugräfliche) families -- families or individuals who received the title of Reichsfreiherr, Reichsgraf or Reichsfürst but were not admitted to the Diet.

"Only the first two groups were part of the Hochadel. Those in the third group were titular counts and princes but in no way accepted as part of the Hochadel.

"Thus it would seem that having a seat and vote in the Reichstag would be a clear criterion for belonging to the Hochadel. But there were further complications:

"In principle, the possession of a territory was a pre-condition for admission in the Diet. However, in the second half of the 18th century a number of counts sat on the counts' benches without any such territory. They were called "personalists" because they had been admitted on a personal basis (ad personam), and some jurists did not consider them to be part of the upper nobility (e.g., Pütter 1795, 143).

"Possession of a large immediate territory was a condition for entry, but not a condition for remaining in the Diet. It happened that territories became subjected to another state of the Empire, thus losing immediate status; yet the owner remained in the Diet. Examples include XXX.

"Consequently, whereas, in the 16th century, it was fairly easy to say who was in the upper nobility and who wasn't, it had become more difficulty by the turn of the 19th century.

"Three concepts came into play:

immediate status (Reichsunmittelbarkeit),

sovereignty over a territory (Landeshoheit),

seat and vote at the Diet (Reichsstandschaft).

"The three were 'usually' related, in that the sovereign of a territory was a state of the Empire, and a state of the Empire usually had sovereignty over an immediate territory; but there were exceptions both ways. Various authors emphasized one or a combination of these elements. Thus, Runde (1791) required all three; Pütter emphasized sovereignty; Gönner and Leist emphasized seat and vote at the Diet (in distinction with the imperial knighthood, see below). Among 19th century authors, the main division was between those who required all three criteria , and those who considered Reichsstandschaft to be the sole criterion (Hohler, Klüber, Zoepf, Rehm).

"Using the second, slightly broader concept, at the end of the 18th century the high nobility consisted of those families which had seat and vote at the Imperial Diet, with title of either prince or count (the last baronial family died out in 1775), numbering about 25 princely (fürstliche) and 80 comital (gräfliche) families."

Table

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Aach	Lordship
Aachen	Imperial City			1306	1500: Westphalian Circle 1801: Annexed to France
Aalen	1360: Imperial City	SW			1500: To Swabian Circle 1803: Annexed to D. of Württemberg
Aalst (Imperial Flanders)	County out of the Brabantgau			imperial fief to County of Flanders (under the French crown) from 1056/1059
Aarberg Aarburg	HRE County				To Berne
Abensberg-Traun	1653: County of Abensberg and Traun				Acquired Egloff
Adendorf	1554: Lordship 1653: Barony 1711: County			1554: Partitioned from Saffig-Olbrück	1806: Raised to a principality as Pr. of the Leyen
Ahr	County	n/a	n/a	1107	1210: Annexed to Co. of Nürburg
Aichen	Lordship	n/a	n/a	1323: Partitioned from Lordship of Hohenrechberg	Partitioned several times 1738: Remaining partitions were annexed to Lordship of Osterberg
Albeck	Lordship	n/a	n/a		1383: Annexed to Ulm
Aldenburg HRE Count of Aldenburg, Lord of the Free Lordship of Knyphausen, Noble Lord of Varel	1646: HRE Nobility 1651: immediate Lords of Knyphausen and Varel 1651: HRE Barony
Aletzheim	County			1439: Partitioned from Lordship of Pappenheim	1697: Annexed to Co. of Pappenheim
Allersberg	Lordship	n/a		1343: Partitioned from Lordship of Wolfstein	1474: Annexed to Lordship of Sulzburg
Alpheim	County			1465: Partitioned from Co. of Neuenahr	1589: Annexed to Co. of Moers
Alsace (German: Elsaß)	Duchy			640	Partitioned into Lower Alsace and Upper Alsace 1469: Duke of Austria sold Upper Alsace to Duke of Burgundy 1477: Austria regained full control of Upper Alsace 1648: Upper Alsace annexed to France 1679: Lower Alsace annexed to France
Alsace and Burgundy	Bailiwick (Ballei) of Teutonic Order				1793: Council of Princes
Alt-Bruchhausen	County	n/a	n/a	1234: Partitioned from Co. of Bruchhausen	1338: Annexed to Co. of Hoya
Alt-Eberstein	County	n/a	n/a	1207: Partitioned from the Usgau	1283: Annexed to Co. of Neu-Eberstein
Alt-Katzenelnbogen	County	n/a	n/a	1245: Partitioned from Ldg. of Katzenelnbogen	1403: Annexed to Co. of Neu-Katzenelnbogen
Altena	County	n/a	n/a	10th century	1160: Merged with parts of Co. of Berg and became known as Altena-Berg 1180: Known as Altena again 1249: Merged with Co. of Mark 1367: Altena granted a charter by Count Engelbert III of Mark 1609: To Brandenburg 44.3 sq. km.
Altena-Berg	County	n/a	n/a	1160: Formed by merger of Altena with parts of Co. of Berg	1180: Became known as Altena
Altensteig	Lordship
An der Etsch "On the Adige"	Bailiwick (Ballei) of the Teutonic Order				c1260: Bailiwick founded 1512: Austrian Circle
Andechs	County
Andechs-Meran	Duchy
Andelfingen	Lordship
Anhalt	1212: County 1218: HRE Prince 1250: Principality 1863:Duchy of Anhalt 1918: Free State of Anhalt	Upp Sax	PR	1173: Split off from D. of Saxony	1252: Partitioned into Principalities of Anhalt-Aschersleben, Anhalt-Bernburg, and Anhalt-Zerbst; 1570: Reunified 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1603: Partitioned into Principalities of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Plötzkau, and Anhalt-Zerbst 1582: HRE Council of Princes
Anhalt-Aschersleben	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1252: Created on partition of Pr. of Anhalt	1322:Annexed to Bp. of Halberstadt
Anhalt-Bernburg Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duke of Saxony, Angaria & Westphalia, Count of Ascania, Lord of Bernburg & Zerbst	1603: Principality 1806: Duchy	Upp Sax	PR	1252: Created on partition of Pr. of Anhalt	1468: Annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst 1603: Re-established on partition of Pr. of Anhalt 1834: To Anhalt-Dessau 1863: To Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen
Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1727: Created on merger of Co. of Holzapfel and Pr. of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym
Anhalt-Dessau Duke of Anhalt(-Dessau), Duke of Saxony, Angaria & Westphalia, Count of Ascania, Lord of Bernburg, Zerbst & Gröbzig	1603: Principality 1807: Duchy	Upp Sax	PR	1396: Created on partition of Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst	1561: Annexed back to Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst 1603: Re-established on the partition of the Pr. of Anhalt 1853: Merges with Anhalt-Köthen to form Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen
Anhalt-Dornburg	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1667: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst	1742: Re-annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst
Anhalt-Harzgerode	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1635: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Bernburg	1709: Annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Bernburg
Anhalt-Köthen Anhalt-Kothen Anhalt-Cothen Duke of Anhalt-Köthen, Duke of Saxony, Angaria & Westphalia, Count of Ascania, Lord of Bernburg & Zerbst	1603:Principality 1807: Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen	Upp Sax	PR	1396: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst	1552: Annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Dessau 1603: Re-established on the partition of the Pr. of Anhalt 1847: To Anhalt-Dessau
Anhalt-Mühlingen	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1667: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst	1714: Re-annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst
Anhalt-Pless	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1755: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Köthen
Anhalt-Plötzkau	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1544: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Dessau	1553: Annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Zerbst 1603: Re-established on the partition of the Pr. of Anhalt 1665: Annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Köthen
Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1718: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt-Bernburg	1727: Merged with Co. of Holzapfel to form Pr. of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
Anhalt-Zerbst	Principality	Upp Sax	PR	1252: Partitioned from Pr. of Anhalt	1396: Partitioned into Principalities of Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen 1544: Re-established on the partition of Pr. of Anhalt-Dessau 1796: Annexed to Pr. of Anhalt-Dessau
Anholt	1169: HRE Lordship 1621: HRE County	Low Rhen	WF		1169: Anholt castle built by William I, Prince-Bishop of Utrecht 1234: Ruled by Lords of Zuylen-Anholt 1300's: Granted immediate status during rule of Stephen I, Lord of Anholt, 1317-1343 1346: Lords of Anholt first minted money 1349: Granted city rights by Theodoric of Anholt 1380: Death of last male of Lord of Anholt; his daughter and heiress Herberga married Hermann III of Gemen died 1399: To Gemen 1402-1641: To Bronchhorst-Batenburg through marriage of Margaret of Gemen 1431: Emperor Sigismund confirmed Bronchhorst-Batenburgs as Lords of Anholt with the rights to mint coinage and hold festivals and immediate status 1641-1810: Inherited by the Princes of Salm-Salm through marriage to the heiress of Count Theodoric IV (d.1641) 1653: Imperial Estate of Bench of Counts of Westphalia 1738: Line of Salm-Salm died out; Anholt passed to the line of Salm-Hoogstraten (renamed Salm-Salm in 1739) ?-1813: French occupation 1815: To Prussia
Ansbach	Margraviate				1500: Franconian Circle
Antwerp Antwerpen	Margraviate	Burg			1512: Burgundian Circle
Aosta	1310: Duchy				1539-1563: French occupation
Appenzell	Imperial valley			1507: Split off from Abbey of St. Gall	1597: Partitioned into Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Imperial valley			1597: Partitioned from Appenzell	1648: Left Empire as member of Swiss Confederation
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Imperial valley			1597: Partitioned from Appenzell	1648: Left Empire as member of Swiss Confederation
Arenberg Aremberg	?: County 1576: HRE Princely County 1644: Duchy	El Rhin	PR	c1177	1512: To Electoral Rhenish Circle 1580: HRE Council of Princes 1810: Mediatized
Arlon	County c1167: Margraviate	n/a		950	1214: United with County of Luxemburg 1221: Annexed to D. of Limburg
Arnsberg	County
Artois	1237: County	Burg			1512: Burgundian Circle
Asch	Lordship
Aschaffenburg	1803: Principality			1803	900's: Imperial Chancellor and Archbishop Willigis of Mainz acquired ownership of Aschaffenburg 1803: Granted to the Chancellor, Karl Theodor von Dalberg 1806: Annexed to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt 1814: To Bavaria
Aspremont-Lynden	1590: Imperial Barony Imperial County				1590: immediate Barons of Reckheim 1623: Imperial Estate
Auersperg HRE Prince of Auersperg, Duke of Gottschee, Princely Count of Thengen, Count of Wels, Lord of Schönberg & Seissenberg, etc.	1550: Imperial Barony 1630: Imperial County 1653: Imperial Prince 1664: Princely County			1795: Partitioned into iteslf, Pr. of Auersperg-Schönfeldscher and Auersperg-Zweig	1654: Imperial Estate 1654: HRE Council of Princes 1654-1791: Dukes of Silesia-Munsterberg and Frankestein 1663: Became immediate Lords of Thengen 1664: To Swabian Circle, Princes' Bench 1791: Non-immediate Dukes of Gottschee (in the Austrian hereditary lands)
Auersperg-Schönfeldscher	1795-1806: Principality			1795: Partitioned from Pr. of Auersperg	1806: Mediatised to Austria
Auersperg-Zweig	Principality			1795: Partitioned from Pr. of Auersperg	1806: Mediatised to Austria
Augsburg	1203: Bishopric Prince-Bishopric	EC		c888	1500: To Swabian Circle 1793: Council of Princes 1802: Annexed to Bavaria 1803: Secularized to Bavaria
Augsburg	1276: Imperial Free City	SW		1276	14 B.C.: Founded by Augustus 1488-1534: Joined Swabian League 1500: To Swabian Circle 1632-1635: Swedish occupation 1806Annexed to Bavaria
Austria Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, odomeria, & Illyria, King of Jerusalem, etc., Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany & Crakow, Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola & the Bukovina, Grand Prince of Transylvania, Markgrave of Moravia, Duke of the Upper & Lower Silesia, Modena, Parma, Piacenza & Guastalla, Auschwitz & Zator, Teschen, Friaul, Raguse & Zara, Princely Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg, Goritia & Gradisca, Prince of Trient & Brixen, Markgrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia & in Istria, Count of Hohenems/Hohenembs, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc., Lord of Triest, Cattaro, the Slavic [Wendischen] Mark, Grand Voyvode of the Voyvodina of Serbia	c960: Margraviate 1156: Duchy 1359: Archduke 1453: Archduchy 1804: Empire of Austria	Aust	PR	960	833: Margraviate of Austria created 976: Austria separated from Duchy of Bavaria 1192: Inherited Styria 1379-1457: Partition into Austria (Albertine Line) and "Inner Austria" (Duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, County of Tyrol and the "Vorlande", to Leopoldine Line)) 1457: Albertine line died out; Austria to Leopoldine line 1512: Austrian Circle 1520-1534: Administered Duchy of Wurttemberg 1582: HRE Council of Princes
Austria	Bailiwick (Ballei) of the Teutonic Order				1512: Austrian Circle 1793: Council of Princes

B

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Baar	Landgraviate	Swab			1500: To Swabian Circle
Babenhausen	Lordship 1803: HRE Principality				1237: 1st mention of Babenhausen 1100's: Babenhausen and Schonegg part of Lordship of Kellmunz 1200-1300's: To Lords of Schonegg 1378: To Lords of Rechberg 1539: Anton Fugger bought Lordship of Babenhausen 1803: Lordships of Babenhausen, Boos and Kettershausen erected into Principality of Babenhausen for Fugger family 1806: To Bavaria Area: 52 sq. km.; Pop. 11,000
Babenhausen-Mindelheim-Cellmünz	Lordship			1432: Partitioned from Staufeneck-Babenhausen	1487: Divided into Frundsburg and Kronburg
Baden Grand Duke of Baden, Duke of Zähringen, Landgrave of Nellenburg, etc, Overlord & Hereditary Lord[Ober- und Erbherr] in the Baar & of Stühlingen, Heiligenberg, Hausen, Möskirch, Hohenhöwen, Wildenstein & Waldsberg, Mosbach & Dürn, Bischofsheim, Hardheim & Lauda, the Klettgau, Krautheim, Wertheim, Neudenau & Billigheim, Count of Salem, Petershausen & Hanau	1112: Margraviate 1362: HRE Margrave 1803: Electorate 1806: Grand Duchy	PR		c960	>1190: Partitioned into Baden-Baden and Baden-Hachberg 1387: Received a part of the County of Eberstein 1500: To Swabian Circle 1535: Partitioned into Upper Margraviate of Baden (Baden-Baden) and Lower Margraviate of Baden (Baden-Durlach) 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1771: Baden-Baden line extinct; Baden reunited 1806: Joined Confederation of the Rhine 1871: Joined the German Empire 1849: Republic of Baden 1918: Republic of Baden
Baden-Baden	Margraviate	Swab	PR	1190: Partitioned from Baden	1291: Partitioned into Baden-Baden, Baden-Eerstein and Baden-Pforzheim 1335: Divided between Baden-Eberstein and Baden-Pforzheim 1348: Partitioned from Baden-Pforzheim 1515: Partitioned into itself, Baden-Durlach and Baden-Sponheim 1536: Partitioned into itself and Baden-Rodemachern 1588: Annexed to Baden-Rodemachern 1622: Partitioned from Baden-Durlach 1771: United to form Baden
Baden-Durlach	Margraviate	Swab	PR	1515: Partitioned from Baden-Baden	1577: Partitioned into itself, Baden-Hachberg and Baden-Sausenburg 1771: United to form Baden
Baden-Eberstein	Margraviate			1291: Partitioned from Baden-Baden	1353: Annexed to Baden-Pforzheim
Baden-Hochberg Baden-Hachberg	Margraviate	Swab	PR	1190: Partitioned from Baden	1290: Partitioned into itself and Baden-Sausenburg 1415: Annexed to Baden-Baden 1482: Partitioned from Baden-Baden 1488: Annexed to Baden-Baden 1577: Partitioned from Baden-Durlach 1591: Annexed to Baden-Durlach
Baden-Pforzheim	Margraviate	n/a	n/a	1291: Partitioned from Baden-Baden	1315: Partitioned into itself and Baden-Baden 1361: Annexed to Baden-Baden
Baden-Rodemachern	Margraviate	Swab		1537: Partitioned from Baden-Baden	1575: Partitioned into itself and Baden-Rodenheim 1596: Annexed to Baden-Durlach 1622: Partitioned from Baden-Durlach 1666: Annexed to Baden-Baden
Baden-Rodenheim	Margraviate	Swab		1575: Partitioned from Baden-Rodemachern	1620: Annexed to Baden-Durlach
Baden-Sausenberg	Margraviate	Swab	PR	1290: Partitioned from Baden-Hachberg	1503: Annexed to Baden-Baden 1577: Partitioned from Baden-Durlach 1604: Annexed to Baden-Durlach
Baden-Sponheim	Margraviate	Upp Rhen		1515: Partitioned from Baden-Baden	1533: Annexed to Baden-Baden
Badenweiler	Lordship
Baindt	Abbacy	Swab			1793: Council of Princes
Bamberg	1007: Bishopric c1242: Prince-Bishopric	Franc	EC	1007	1500: Franconian Circle 1793: Council of Princes 1802: Annexed to Bavaria 1803: Secularized to Bavaria
Bar Bar-le-Duc Barrois	951: County 1354: Duchy	Upp Rhen		951	959-1033: Under Lorraine (Lotharingia) 1197-1214: Union of Bar and Luxemburg 1301: Vassal of King of France for the Western part of his territory (Barrois Mouvant) and a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor for the easter part 1354: Emperor Charles IV granted title of Margrave of Pont-a-Mousson and rank of Prince to Duke of Bar 1399: Bar inherited Lordship of Cassel 1473: Union of Duchy of Bar and Duchy of Lorraine 1480: Permanently united with the Duchy of Lorraine 1508: Inherited by Lorraine 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1634-1659, 1670-1697, 1702-1714: French occupation 1766: Together with Lorraine, permanently annexed to France
Barby	1497: HRE County	Upp Sax		1497	961: 1st mention of Barby 974: Emperor gave Barby to his sister, Mathilde, Abbess of Quedlinburg 1050: To Lords of Arnstein as an imperial fief Partitioned into: Barby-Arnstein (1209-1284), Barby-Barby (1213-1651), Barby-Lindow (1211-1372), Barby-Mühlingen (1565-1659) and Barby-Ruppin 1524: Barby-Rupin to Brandenburg 1651: Barby-Barby to Barby-Mühlingen (1360-1524) 1659: Barby-Mühlingen to Saxe-Weissenfels 1372: Barby-Lindow to Anhalt 1659: To Elector of Saxony
Barmstedt					Acquired by Rantzau
Basel	Bishopric	Upp Rhen	EC	999	1579: Allied to the Swiss Confederation 1792: Annexed to the Rauracian Republic 1793: Council of Princes 1801: Mediatised to Baden and France
Basel	1386: Imperial Free City	n/a			374: 1st mentioned as "Basilea" To Bishops of Basel 1356: Acquired sovereign rights (own currency, customs and judiciary) 1501: Joined Swiss Confederation
Bassenheim	Lordship
Bavaria King of Bavaria, Count-Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Franconia & in Swabia, etc.	888: Duchy 1623: Electorate 1805: Kingdom	Bav	EL	6th century	888: Bavaria a stem duchy 889-1180: Ruled by the Welfs 1180-1918: Ruled by the Wittelsbachs 1185: Inherited lands of Burgraves of Regensburg 1214: Invested with County Palatinate of the Rhine 1238: Inherited lands of Counts of Valai Incorporated lands of Counts of Bogen Incorporated lands of Counts of Wassenburg 1255: First division into Upper (including Palatinate and Regensburg) and Lower Bavaria 1310: Division into Bavaria-Munich and Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1314: Division into Palatinate (including Upper Palatinate) and Bavaria 1340: Lower Bavaria line died out 1349: Partition of Wittelsbach patrimony into: Upper Bavaria and Brandenburg; Bavaria-Munich; Lower Bavaria; and Holland, zeeland, Frisia and Hainaut 1392: Division into Bavaria-Ingolstadt (extinct 1447), Bavaria-Landshut (extinct 1503) and Bavaria-Munich 1500: Bavarian Circle 1545: Bavaria reunited after many divisions 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1618: Acquired Mundelheim from Barons of Maxlrain Acquired Landgraviate of Leuchtenberg 1623: Electoral vote of Palatinate transferred to Bavaria 1623: Acquired Upper Palatinate 1806: Joined Confederation of the Rhine
Bavaria-Ingolstadt	Duchy			1392: Partitioned from Bavaria-Landshut	1445: Annexed to Bavaria-Munich
Bavaria-Landshut	Duchy			1353: Partitioned from Lower Bavaria	1503: Annexed to Bavaria-Munich
Bavaria-Munich	Duchy			1392: Partitioned from Bavaria-Landshut	1505: Became D. of Bavaria
Bavaria-Straubing	Duchy			1353: Partitioned from Lower Bavaria	1425: Divided between Bavaria-Ingolstadt, Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Munich
Bayer-Naumburg	Lordship			1316: Partitioned from Querfurt	1496: Annexed to Mansfeld
Bayreuth					1500: Franconian Circle
Beckenried	HRE Abbey
Bedburg	County			1465: Partitioned from Neuenahr	1519: Annexed to Mörs
Beichlingen	Lordship			1144	1275: Partitioned into Beichlingen-Beichlingen and Beichlingen-Rothenburg 1567: Annexed to Gleichen
Beilstein	Lordship 1679: County (for House of Metternich)	??			1500: Westphalian Circle 1512: Electoral Rhenish Circle To Prince Metternich
Belfort	Jurisdiction				1200's: To Counts of Montbeliard 1307: Granted a charter To Austria 1648: Ceded to France Louis XIV of France gave it to Cardinal Mazarin
Benevento	576: Duchy			576	899: Atenulf I of Capua conquered Benevento and united the 2 duchies 1053: To Papal States
Bentheim Count of Bentheim, Tecklenburg, Steinfurt & Limburg, Lord of Rheda, Wevelinghoven, Hoya, Alpen, Helpenstein, Baron of Lennep, Hereditary Advocate[Erbvogt] of Köln	1421: County 1486: HRE County	Low Rhen	WE	1050	1115: Passed to Count Otto of Salm Marriage of Otto's heiress, Sophia (d.1176), Countess of Rheineck, Salm and Bentheim to Dirk VI, Count of Holland 1176: Passed to Counts of Holland 1263: Annexed County of Tecklenburg 1277: Partitioned into Bentheim-Tecklenburg and Bentheim-Bentheim 1421: Bentheim became an immediate fief of the Empire 1500: Westphalian Circle 1606/1610: Division into Bentheim-Tecklenburg (with Rheda and Hohenlimburg) and Bentheim-Steinfurt 1753: Bentheim was seized by the Elector of Hanover 1803: Bentheim reunited with Bentheim-Steinfurt ?-1804: Mortgaged to Hanover 1806: Bentheim mediatised to Berg 1810: Annexed to France 1815: To Hanover
Bentheim-Alpen	1606-1629: County
Bentheim-Bentheim	1277-1530, 1643-1753, 1753-1803: County			1277: Partitioned from Bentheim (like Bentheim-Tecklenburg)	1530: Line of Bentheim-Bentheim became extinct; Bentheim granted to Arnold II of Bentheim-Steinfurt 1753-1803: Seized by the Elector of Hanover 1803: Bentheim reunited with Bentheim-Steinfurt
Bentheim-Limburg	1606-1632: County
Bentheim-Lingen	1450-1555: County
Bentheim-Steinfurt	1454-1803: County Prince of Bentheim-Steinfurt in Prussia	Low Rhen	WE	1454: Split off from Co. of Bentheim-Bentheim	1643: Partitioned into Bentheim-Steinfurt and Bentheim-Bentheim 1806: Mediatised to Berg (which obtained Bentheim) and Prussia (which obtained Steinfurt)
Bentheim-Tecklenburg	1277-1557: County 1817: Prince of Bentheim-Tecklenburg in Prussia			1277: Partitioned from Bentheim (like Bentheim-Bentheim)
Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda	1606-1806: County			1606: Partitioned from Bentheim-Steinfurt	1806: Mediatised to Prussia
Bentinck HRE Count of Bentinck and Aldenburg, Lord of the free Lordship of Knyphausen, Noble Lord of Varel	1732: HRE Counts				1733/1800 immediate Lords of Knyphausen & Varel Aug 1806-1807 sovereign Lords of Knyphausen & Varel 1814/15 Lords of Knyphausen & Varel under the overlordship of Oldenburg
Berchtesgaden Prince, Provost and Lord of Berchtesgaden	1108: Abbey 1486: Prince-Abbot Provostry	Bav		1491	1500: Bavarian Circle 1803:Annexed to Salzburg 1793: Council of Princes 1805: Annexed to Austria 1809: Annexed to Bavaria
Berg	1101: County 1380: Duchy	Low Rhen	PR	1093	1437: To Duchy of Julich 1511: To Duchy of Cleves 1521: United with Mark and Cleves 1609: War of Successions 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1609: To Palatinate-Neuburg 1614: To Palatinate-Neuburg 1685: To Electoral Palatinate 1799: To Bavaria 1801: Annexed to France 1803: To Bavaria 1811: To France 1815: To Prussia
Bern Berne	1218: Imperial Free City			1218: Split off from Zähringen	1191: Founded by Duke Berthold V of Zahringen 1353: Joined the Swiss Confederation 1415: Invaded and acquired Aargau 1536: Invaded and acquired Vaud 1648: Left the Empire 1798: French occupation
Besançon Besancon	Archbishopric		EC		1512: Burgundian Circle 1792: Annexed to France 1793: Council of Princes
Besançon Besancon	1184: Imperial City	Burg			1300's: Taken by Dukes of Burgundy 1477-1674: Passed to Habsburgs 1648: Annexed by Free County (a special Co.) of Burgundy ("Franche-Comté") 1674: Ceded to France
Biberach an der Riß	Imperial City	Swab	SW	1180	1803: Annexed to Württemberg
Billungenmark	Margraviate			928	983: Conquered by the Bodriches
Bilstein	County			1073	1303: Annexed to Hesse
Bitburg	Abbacy
Bitsch	Lordship				To Zweibrucken
Blamont	Lordship
Blankenburg	Principality	Low Sax		c1082	1368: Annexed to Regenstein
Blankenheim	County			1149: Partitioned from Blankenheim-Schleiden	Annexed to France in 1803
Blankenheim and Gerolstein	County	Low Rhen		1488: Partitioned from Blankenheim	1533: Partitioned into Blankenheim and Gerolstein and Bettingen
Blankenheim-Schleiden	Lordship			c1115	1149: Partitioned into Blankenheim and Schleiden
Bludenz	County				1394: To Austria
Blumenegg	Lordship 1396: Imperial County			1804: Lordship of Blumenegg-Sankt Gerold to Austria
Bohemia	845: Principality Duchy 1198: Kingdom	None	EL	c890: Joined the Empire	1356: Prince-Elector 1526: Passed to Austria
Bonndorf	County	Swab
Boos	Lordship				1803: To Principality of Babenhausen for Fugger house
Bopfingen	Imperial Free City	Swab	SW	c1250	1803: Annexed to Württemberg
Bouillon	County Duchy			959; 1496; 1559	1095, 1522: Annexed to Prince-Bishopric of Lüttich (Liége) 1552, 1676: Annexed to France
Brabant	1085/1086: Landgraviate 1090: Duchy1183/1184: Duchy Claimed status of archduchy	Burg	PR	1000's: Emerged from division of the Duchy of Lower Lorraine into several feudal states	1283: John I of Brabant bought the Duchy of Limburg from Adolph V of Berg 1430: Passed to D. of Burgundy 1477: Passed to the House of Habsburg 1512: Burgundian Circle 1556: Passed to the Spanish Habsburgs 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1609: northern Brabant awarded to the United Provinces; southern portion remain part of Spanish (later Austrian) Netherlands
Brakel	Imperial City	Low Rhen	RH		Held by Bp. of Paderborn
Brandenburg	Margraviate 1356: HRE Prince-Elector	Upp Sax	EL	1157: Originally created as the "Northern March"	1415: Hohenzollerns purchase Brandenburg from HRE
Brandenburg	Bishopric	Upp Sax	EC	949	1569: Annexed to the secular Electorate of Brandenburg
Brandenburg-Ansbach	Margraviate	Franc	PR	1440 as a partition of Bgv. Nuremberg	1582: HRE Council of Princes 1791: Passed to Brandenburg
Brandenburg-Bayreuth	Margraviate	Franc	PR	1440 as a partition of Bgv. Nuremberg	1582: HRE Council of Princes 1769: Passed to Brandenburg-Ansbach
Brandenburg-Kulmbach	Margraviate			1655: Partitioned from Brandenburg-Bayreuth	1726: Re-annexed to Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Brandenburg-Küstrin	Margraviate			1535: Partitioned from Brandenburg	1571: Re-annexed to Brandenburg
Brauneck	County			1230 as a partition of Hohenlohe	Partitioned several times. 1340, 1391, 1448: All re-annexed to Hohenlohe
Breda	Barony				1000's: A direct fief of the Holy Roman Emperor 1327: Adelheid of Gaveren sold Breda to John III, Duke of Brabant 1350: Breda sold to John II of Wassenaar (d.1377) 1403: To Counts of Nassau by the marriage of Johann of Polanen, heiress of Breda, to Engelbert I of Nassau
Bregenz	County	Swab	SW	950	802: 1st mention of Bregenz castle 926: 1st mention of Ulrich VI as "Count of Bregenz" 970: Division of the House of Bregenz (Pfullendorf, Lustenau) Annexed to Tübingen 1152/1160: Line of Counts of Bregenz died out 1171: Marriage of Hugo II (d.1182), Count Palatine of Tubingen with Elizabeth (d.1216), heiress of Montfort and Bregenz 1180: Annexed to Montfort 1451/1458: Annexed to Austria 1782: Annexed to Bavaria
Brehna	County
Breisgau	County Landgraviate	n/a	SW	771	1077: Annexed by Zähringen 1512: Austrian Circle
Breisgau	Duchy	Aust	SW	1801	1803: Reconstituted as Breisgau-Modena
Breisgau-Modena	Duchy	Aust	SW	1803	1805: Divided between Baden andWürttemberg
Breiteneck Breitenegg	HRE Lordship	Bav			1500: Bavarian Circle To Tilly
Bremen	845: Archbishopric	Low Sax	EC	787	1648: Secularized as a duchy to Hanover
Bremen	Duchy	Low Sax		1648: Secularized from Abp. of Bremen	Originally held by Sweden 1719: Passed to Hanover
Bremen	1646: Imperial Free City	Low Sax	RH	1202	1358: Joined Hanseatic League 1648: Assigned to Sweden by Treaty of Westphalia 1719: Ceded to Hanover by Sweden
Brena	Barony			1156	1290: Annexed by Saxe-Wittenburg
Breslau	Bishopric				Bishop bought Duchy of Grottkau from Duke of Silesia-Brieg and added it to the episcopal territory of Neisse Prince of Neisse and Duke of Grottkau
Breslau	Duchy
Bretzenheim HRE Prince of Bretzenheim	1774: HRE Count of Bretzenheim 1780: immediaqte Lord of Bretzenheim HRE Prince of Bretzenheim 1790: Imperial Estate	Upp Rhen		1790 for the Wittelsbach-Bretzenheim branch	1769: Counts of Heydeck To Velen 1802: Central German territories annexed by Hesse-Darmstadt 1804: Southern German territories annexed by Austria
Brieg	Principality
Brixen	1027: Bishopric 1179: Prince-Bishopric	Aust	EC	1179	1512: Austrian Circle 1793: Council of Princes 1803: Secularized and annexed by Austria to Krain (Carniola) 1805: To Bavaria 1814: To Austria 1918: To Italy
Broich	Lordship			1093: 1st mention of Lords of Broich	883: Broich castle for defense against Viking attacks Under overlordship of Dukes of Berg Freed from Dukes of Berg 1372: Line of Lords of Broich became extinct; passed to Counts of Limburg-Styrum 1413: Dukes of Berg regained overlordship after decline of Counts of Limburg 1432: Dukes of Cleves conquered Broich 1439: Start of new line called Counts of Limburg-Broich 1508: To Counts of Dhaun-Falkenstein 1682: To Counts of Leiningen 1806: Lordship of Broich abolished.
Bruchhausen	County			1199	1234: Partitioned 1338, 1388: Annexed by Co. ofHoya
Bruchsal and Odenheim	Abbacy				1793: Council of Princes
Brunswick	Duchy	n/a	n/a		1267: Division into Brunswick and Luneburg
Brunswick-Bevern	Duchy			1666: Partitioned from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	1735: Annexed to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1735: Partitioned from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Brunswick-Calenberg	Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1495: Partitoned from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	1584: Annexed to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen	Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1641: Partitioned from Brunswick-Lüneburg	1692: Became the Electorate of Hanover
Brunswick-Celle	Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1527: Partitioned from Brunswick-Lüneburg	1569: Partitioned into Brunswick-Dannenburg and Brunswick-Lüneburg
Brunswick-Celle	Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1641: Partitioned from Brunswick-Lüneburg	1705: Annexed to Hanover
Brunswick-Göttingen	Duchy	n/a	n/a	1279: Partitioned from Brunswick	1345: Partitioned into itself and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1442: Annexed to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Brunswick-Grubenhagen	Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1279: Partitioned from Brunswick	1322: Partitioned into itself and Brunswick-Osterode 1526: Annexed to Brunswick-Osterode
Brunswick-Lüneburg Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg	1235: Duchies of Brunswick and Luneburg	Low Sax	PR		1235: Emperor Frederick II created duchies of Brunswick and Luneburg 1267: Division into Brunswick and Luneburg 1285: Duchy of Brunswick divided into Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Brunswick Gottingen and Brunswick-Grubehnagen 1292: Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel line died out 1345: New line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel founded 1369: Line of dukes of Luneburg died out 1369: To Saxony 1388: Luneburg incorporated into Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel 1432: Brunswick divided into Brunswick-Calenberg and Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel 1463: Elder Brunswick-Gottingen died out 1396: Brunswick-Grubenhagen line died out 1527: Partitioned 1582: Inherited 1/2 of County of Hoya 1585: Inherited County of Diepholz 1633: Inherited Principlaity of Grubenhagen 1689: Inherited Duchy of Launeburg Inherited by Calenberg (personal union)
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1345: Partitioned from Brunswick-Göttingen	1373: Partitioned into itself, Brunswick-Einbeck and Brunswick-Lüneburg 1495: Partitioned into itself and Brunswick-Calenberg 1666: Partitioned into itself and Brunswick-Bevern 1735: Partitioned into itself and Brunswick-Bevern
Buchau	Abbacy	Swab			1793: Council of Princes
Buchau	Imperial City	Swab	SW	c1250	1803: Mediatized
Buchhorn	Imperial City	Swab	SW	1089	1803: Mediatized
Burgau	Margraviate				1301: Acquired by Austrian Habsburgs 1304: Imperial fief of Burgau invested in sons of King Albert I
Burgbrohl	Lordship			1451: Partitioned from Saffig	1533: Annexed to Saffig-Olbrück
Burgundy Franche-Comte	915: "Free" County County Palatine	Burg	PR	1127	1330: Passed to D. of Burgundy 1405-1556: To Dukes of Burgundy 1556: To Habsburg Kings of Spain 1678: Annexed to France
Burgundy	Duchy				1582: HRE Council of Princes
Bürresheim Burresheim	Lordship
Burtscheid	Abbacy				1793: Council of Princes
Butzweiler	Lordship
Buxheim	Abbacy

C

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Calvelage	County			1072	1170: Annexed to Ravensberg
Calw	County				1075: 1st mention of Calw 1155: Acquired Lowenstein 1189: Acquired Vaihingen Division into Calw-Lowenstein and Calw-Vaihingen 1277: Counts of Calw-Lowenstein died out; territories purchased by an illegitimate branch of the Habsburgs 1282: Counts of Calw died out; territories inherited by Counts of Tubingen 1361: Counts of Calw-Vaihingen died out; territories inherited by Counts of Wurttemberg
Cambrai	Bishopric	Low Rhen
Cambrai	Imperial City	Burg			1677: Annexed to France
Cappenberg
Carinthia	970: Margraviate 1180: Duchy	Aust	PR	876; 927; 976; 995	1286: To Counts of Gorizia 1335: To Habsburg Austria 1512 Austrian Circle 1804: To Kingdom of Illyria
Carniola	1002: Margraviate 1364: Duchy	Aust	PR	1040	1054: Emperor Henry II creates a separate Carniola as a fief Duchy of Carinthia 1071-1090: To Aquileia 1237-1251: Imperial Administration 1259-1269: To Aquileia 1270-1918: To Habsburgs 1512: Austrian Circle 1803: Imperial Estate in Bench of Princes 1805-1806: French occupation
Castell	1200: County	Franc		1200	1254: Partitioned into Elder and Younger lines 1347: Elder branch extinct; Castell reunited 1500: Franconian Circle 1597: Partitioned into Castell-Remlingen and Castel-Rüdenhausen
Castell	County			1709: Partitioned from Castell-Castell	1772: Re-annexed to Castell-Castell Composed of 3 territories and 28 villages
Castell-Castell	1668: County			1668: Partitioned from Castell-Remlingen	1709: Division into Castell-Castell and Castell>br>1772: Annexed Castell 1806: Mediatised to Bavaria
Castell-Remlingen	1597: County			1597: Partitioned from Castell	1668: Division ito Castlell-Remlingen and Castell-Castell 1762: Re-annexed to Castell
Castell-Rüdenhausen	County			1597: Partitioned from Castell
Castels	High Jurisdiction
Chablais	1310: Duchy
Chatelot	Lordship
Chiemsee	Bishopric
Chur	Bishopric	Aust	EC	1170	1512: Austrian Circle 1793: Council of Princes 1798: Annexed to the Helvetic Republic
Churwalden	Jurisdiction
Cilli Cilly	1341: County 1436: HRE Principality of Cilli and Ortenburg				1456: Counts of Cilli died out; estates inherited by Habsburgs
Cläven	Lordship			909	Partitioned in 950
Clemont	Lordship
Cleves Kleve	1000's: County 1417: Duchy	Low Rhen	PR	719	1368: United with County of Mark 1521: United with Julich, Berg, Cleves and Mark 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1609: War of Succession 1614 to Brandenburg ?-1672: Occupied by United Provinces To Prussia 1795: French occupation 1815: To Prussia
Colloredo	Principality (personalist)	n/a	FR	1763	1788: Renamed to Colloredo-Mansfeld
Colloredo-Mansfeld	Principality (personalist)	n/a	FR	1788: Renamed from Colloredo	1803: Purchased a portion of Limpurg, and Rieneck
Colmar	Imperial City	Upp Rhen			1648: Annexed to France
Cologne Köln (in German)	Archbishopric 1356: HRE Prince-Elector	El Rhin	EL	954	1512: Electoral Rhenish Circle 1803: Annexed to Ldg. of Hesse-Darmstadt
Cologne	Free City	Low Rhen	RH	1288	1794: Annexed to France
Comburg	Imperial Abbey
Corvey (Korvey)	877: Abbey c1582: Prince-Abbot 1783: Prince-Bishopric Principality	Low Rhen		877	1793: Council of Princes 1803: Secularized as a principality to Nassau-Dillenburg
Cottbus	Lordship				1156: 1st mention of Cottbus 1199-1445: To Lords of Cottbus 1462: To Prince-Electors of Brandenburg
Croy Dukes of Croÿ, HRE Prince	Duchy 1767: HRE Prince				1590: non-immediate Counts of Solre in the Spanish Low Countries 1677: Prince of Solre in the Spanish Low Countries 1767 non-immediate Dukes of Croÿ in France 1803: immediate Lords of Dülmen

D

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Dagstuhl Dachstuhl	Lordship	Upp Rhen			1290-1375: To Lords of Dagstuhl 1375-1625: To Lords of Flenkenstein, Kriechingen, Rollingen and Brucken 1625-1696: To Lords of Sotern 1696-1802: To Counts of Oettingen-Baldern and Sotern 1802-1803: To Princes of Oettingen-Wallerstein
Dannenberg	Principality
Danzig	1454: Imperial Free City
Dauphine					1335: To France
Davos	High Jurisdiction
Degenberg	HRE County				1602: Line died out To Bavaria
Delmenhorst	County	Low Rhen		1278; 1440; 1577	Younger partition of Oldenburg 1438, 1482, 1647: Re-annexed to Oldenburg
Diepholz	Barony 1524: County	Low Rhen		1278	1583: Annexed to Brunswick Line died out
Diessen	HRE County				c1326: To Bavaria
Diessenhofen	Imperial city			1415	to 1442
Dietrichstein HRE Prince of Dietrichstein in Nikolsburg/Nicolsburg, Count of Proskau, Lord of Trasp	1514: HRE Barony 1612: HRE County 1631: HRE Principality 1654: HRE Princes of Dietrichstein				1654: HRE Council of Princes 1654: Imperial Estate 1684: immediate Lords of Tarasp 1802: Acquired County of Leslie 1803: Lost Tarasp to Swiss Confederation
Diez	County			1101	1522: Divided between Eppstein-Königstein and Hesse-Cassel
Diez-Birstein	County			1189: Partitioned from Diez	1322: Annexed to Diez-Weilnau 1438: Passed to Isenburg
Diez-Weilnau	County			1234: Partitioned from Diez	1438: Annexed to Nassau-Dillenburg
Dinkelsbühl	Imperial City	Swab	SW	1274	1802: Annexed to Bavaria
Disentis	HRE Abbey	in Switzerland		c. 720	part of Grey League
Donauwörth	Imperial City			c. 1250	1714: Annexed to Bavaria (also between 1606 and 1705)
Donzdorf	Lordship 1699: County			1605: Partitioned from Aichen	1738: Annexed to Osterberg
Dornbirn	Lordship
Dortmund	Imperial City	Low Rhen	RH	1220	1803: Annexed to Nassau-Orange
Dreis	HRE Lordship
Drenthe	County				1512: Burgundian Circle 1579: To United Provinces
Duisburg	Imperial City	n/a			1290: Annexed to Cleves
Düren	Imperial City	n/a			Annexed to Jülich
Dyck	Lordship

E

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
East Frisia East Friesland Prince and Lord of East Frisia, Lord of Esens, Stadesdorf and Wittmund	1465: County 1654: HRE Prince 1662: Principality	Low Rhen			1667: HRE Council of Princes 1744: Inherited by Prussia 1807: Ceded to France 1807: Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland 1810: French occupation 1813: Russian occupation 1813: To Prussia 1815: To Hanover
Eberstein	County	Swab		1574: Partitioned from Neu-Eberstein	1387: Portion of Eberstein went to the Margraves of Baden 1660: Divided between Baden,Speyer andWürttemberg
Echternach	Abbacy				698: Echternach was built
Edelstetten HRE Prince Esterházy of Galántha, Princely Count of Edelstetten, Count of Forchtenstein	Lordship 1804: HRE Princely County				1804: To Princes Esterházy of Galántha
Eggenberg HRE Prince of Eggenberg, Duke of Krummau, Princely Count of Gradisca, Count of Adelsberg, Lord of Aquileja	Principality	Aust	PR	1647: Acquired Gradisca 1653: HRE Council of Princes	1717: Extinct
Eglingen	Lordship	Swab		To Counts of Gravenegg 1723: To Thurn und Taxis
Eglofs Egloff	Lordship County	Swab			To Abensberg-Traun To Windisch-Gratz
Ehrenburg	Lordship
Ehrenfels	Lordship				1500: Bavarian Circle
Eichstätt Eichstatt Eichstadt	741:Bishopric 908-1802: Imperial Prince-Bishopric	Franc	EC	908	1500: Franconian Circle 1793: Council of Princes 1802: Annexed by Bavaria 1803: Annexed to Salzburg
Eilenburg	Countyy			976	1017: Annexed to Meißen
Einsiedeln	Abbacy 965: Prince-Abbot 1274: HRE Principality				1798: Annexed to Confederatio Helvetica
Elchingen	1128: Abbacy	Swab			1128: Abbey founded by Counts of Dillingen 1793: Council of Princes 1802: Dissolved and secularized 1803: Annexed to Bavaria
Elbing	Imperial Free City				1457: To Poland
Ellwangen	Abbacy 1460: Provostry 1215: Imperial Prince-Provostry 1460: "College of Secular Canons"	Swab		1011	1793: Council of Princes 1803: Secularized and annexed to Prussia
Elten	Abbacy
Eltz	Lordship
Engadin and Winterthur	Lordship			950: Partitioned from Cläven	1095: Extinct
Engelberg	1124: Priory 1128: Abbacy			1124	1425: Associated member of Swiss Confederation 1798: Annexed to Helvetica To Nidwalden 1815: To Obwalden
Enzberg	Lordship
Eppstein	County			1172	1391: Partitioned into Eppstein-Königstein and Eppstein-Münzenberg
Eppstein-Königstein	County			1391: Partitioned from Eppstein	1535: Annexed to Stolberg
Eppstein-Münzenberg	County			1391: Partitioned from Eppstein	1522: Annexed to Eppstein-Königstein
Erbach HRE Count of Erbach, Lord of Breuberg & Wildenstein	Lordship 1532: HRE County	Franc		1213	1532: Imperial estate 1717: Division into Erbach-Furstenau, Erbach-Erbach and Erbach-Schonberg 1500: Franconian Circle 1806: Mediatised
Erbach-Breuburg	1532: HRE County			1647: Partitioned from Erbach	1653: Annexed to Erbach-Erbach
Erbach-Erbach	1532: HRE County			1647: Partitioned from Erbach 1818: Inherited County of Wartenberg-Roth
Erbach-Fürstenau	1532: HRE County			1647: Partitioned from Erbach
Erbach-Schonberg	1532: HRE County				1903: Granted title of Prince
Erbach-Wildenstein	1532: HRE County			1647: Partitioned from Erbach	1669: Annexed to Erbach-Erbach
Ermland	1251: Sovereign HRE Principality				1243: Hochstift 1454: To Poland as part of Royal Prussia 1466: Under direct Plisch Crown 1479: Autonomous Prince-Bishopric under Polish Crown 1777: Abolished at Prussian annexation
Essen	c850: Abbacy 1661: HRE Princess-Abbacy	Low Rhen		1041	874/947: Imperial immediate status 1228: Abbess called HRE Princess 1793: Council of Princes 1802: Annexed to Prussia 1806: Joint condominium of Prussia and Berg 1806 Annexed to Berg 1815: To Prussia
Esslingen am Neckar	Imperial City	Swab	SW	c1250	1803: Annexed to Württemberg
Esterau	Lordship				1643: To County of Holzapfel
Esterházy von Galántha	Principality	Bav	PR		1804: Purchased Edelstetten from Ligne (College of Princes)

F

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Fagnolle Fagnolles	Lordship 1770: HRE County	Low Rhen			To House of Ligne
Falkenstein	County	Upp Rhen
Feldkirch	Lordship County				1375/1379: To Austria (Leopoldine line)
Finstingen	Lordship County				1458: To Lorraine
Fischbach	?
Flanders	862: County	Burg	PR	862	1405: To D. of Burgundy; fief of France (except 'Imperial Flanders', mainly the former countship of Aalst) 1512: Burgundian Circle 1529: Ceded to Habsburg
Fleckenstein	1467: HRE Barony				1250:L Division into Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, Fleckenstein-Soultz-sous-Forêts and Fleckenstein-Bickenbach
Franconia	Stem Duchy			8th Century	1196: Discontinued
Franconia	Duchy			1633: Created for the Duke of Saxe-Weimar	1639: Abolished
Frankfurt	1372: Free Imperial City 1806-1810: Principality 1810: Grand Duchy Free City	Upp Rhen	RH	1372
Franzenheim	Lordship				1813: Prussian occupation 1866: Annexed to Prussia
Frauenalb	Abbacy
Frauenchiemsee	RA
Fraumünster	853: Imperial Abbacy Imperial Duchess-Abbey				853: Founded by Emperor Louis the German for his daughter, Hildegard, endowed it with lands and placed under the emperor's direct authority 1045: Emperor Henry III granted it right to hold markets, collect tolls and mint coins 1524: Abolished by Zürich
Freiburg Fribourg	1218: Imperial Free City			1157: Freiburg town founded	1277: To Habsburgs 1452: To Savoy 1478: Imperial Free City 1481: Joined Swiss Confederation
Freiburg im Breisgau	County				1368: To Austria (Leopoldine Line)
Freising	738: Bishopric 1220: Prince-Bishopric	Bav	EC	724: Founded as a monastery	1500: Bavarian Circle 1793: Council of Princes 1803: Secularized to Bavaria
Freudenberg	Lordship 962: Imperial Abbacy				1801: Annexed to France ;1815: Annexed to Prussia
Fribourg	Habsburg
Fribourg	Imperial City			1478	1481: Canton of Switzerland
Friedberg	County 1785: Princely County of Friedberg and Scheer				To Thurn und Taxis
Friedberg	Imperial City	Upp Rhen	RH	1217	1803: Mediatized
Friedrichshafen See Buchhorn
Friesland	Lordship	Burg			1512: Burgundian Circle
Friuli	Duchy				1512: Austrian Circle
Fugger Count of Kirchberg & Weissenhorn	1514/1530: HRE County of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn	Swab			1511: Granted Imperial noble status 1507: Owners of non-immediate County of Kirchberg(acquired by pledge) Acquired (by pledge) Lordship of Weissenhorn 1536: Immediate Lords of Glott 1534: Obtained the right to coin money 1538: immediate Lords of Babenhausen 1541: Obtained rights of jurisdiction over Fugger lands 1563: Estate of the Swabian Imperial Circle in the bench of Counts Mediatised to Bavaria and Wurttemberg Acquisitions (date) of House of Fugger: Gablingen (1527), Mickhausen (1528), Burgwalden (1529), Oberndorf (1533), Güter in Ungarn (1535), Pflege Donauwörth (1536), Glött (1537), Babenhausen und Brandenburg (1539), Pleß (1546), Rettenbach (1547), Güter im Elsaß (1551), Kirchheim (1551), Duttenstein (1551), Eppishausen (1551), Niederalfingen (1551), Stettenfels (1551), (Ober-)Reichau (1551), Kettershausen und Bebenhausen (1558) 1806: Ceded to Bavaria
Fugger-Babenhausen HRE Prince Fugger of Babenhausen, Lord of Boos, Heimertingen, Wald, Wellenburg, Burgwalden & Markt, Count of Kirchberg & Weissenhorn	1514: HRE County 1803: HRE Principality
Fugger-Glott Count Fugger of Glött, Lord of Oberndorf, Count of Kirchberg & Weissenhorn
Fugger-Kirchheim Count Fugger, Lord of Kirchheim, Count of Kirchberg & Weissenhorn
Fulda	1156: HRE Prince-Abbacy 1170: Imperial Abbacy 1752: Prince-Bishopric	Upp Rhen	EC	744: Founded as the Benefictine Abbey of Fulda	1157: Fulda received its charter 1576-1602: Annexed to the Teutonic Order 1803: Secularized and annexed to Nassau-Dillenburg 1793: Council of Princes 1806: French administration 1807: Annexed to Kingdom of Westphalia 1815: To Hesse-Kassel 1867: Annexed to Prussia Area (1902): 40 sq. mi.; Pop.: 100,000
Furstenberg	1660: HRE Barons				NOTE: Different from family of Princes of Furstenberg
Fürstenberg Furstenberg HRE Prince of Fürstenberg, Landgrave in the Baar & of Stühlingen, Count of Heiligenberg & Werdenberg, Baron of Gundelfingen, Lord of Hausen im Kinzinger Thal, Trochtelfingen, Möskirch, Hohenhöwen, Wildenstein, Jungnau, Waldsberg, Werenwag, Weitra & Püglitz	1250: County			1250	Acquired Landgraviate of Baar Acquired Lordship of Gundelfingen Acquired Lordship of Hausen Acquired Lordship of Heiligenberg Acquired Lordship of Howen Acquired Lordship of Messkirch 1639: Acquired Landgraviate of Stuhlingen Acquired Lordship of Purglitz Acquired Lordship of Taikowitz Acquired Lordship of Weitra 1408: Partitioned into Fürstenberg and Dillingen Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg and Fürstenberg-Wolfach 1667: HRE Council of Princes
Fürstenberg-Baar	1441-1559: County			1441: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg	1483: Inherited Furstenberg-Geisingen 1490: Furstenberg-Wolfach 1559: Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Blomberg and Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
Fürstenberg-Blomberg	1559-1614: County			1559: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Baar	1614: Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Mötzkirch and Fürstenberg-Stühlingen
Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg	1408-1441: County 1704-1716: County 1716-1804: Principality			1408: Partitioned from Fürstenberg 1704: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Stühlingen	1441: Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Baar and Fürstenberg-Geisingen 1762: Partitioned into Furstenberg-Furstenberg and Furstenberg-Purglitz 1804: Inherited by Fürstenberg-Pürglitz
Fürstenberg-Geisingen	1441-1483: County			1441: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg	1483: Annexed to Fürstenberg-Baar
Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg	1559: County 1664: Principality			1559: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Baar	1716: Annexed to Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg
Fürstenberg-Mötzkirch	1614: County 1716: Principality			1614: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Blomberg	1744: Annexed to Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg
Fürstenberg-Pürglitz	1614-1704: Principality			1762: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg
Fürstenberg-Stühlingen	1614-1704: County 1716: Principality			1614: Partitioned from Fürstenberg-Blomberg	1704: Partitioned into Furstenberg-Furstenberg and Furstenberg-Weitra
Furstenberg-Weitra				Partitioned from Furstenburg-Stuhlingen	1759: Partitioned into Furstenberg-Weitra and Furstenberg-Taikowwitz 1806: Mediatised to Austria
Further Austria	Not a single polity			1278	Included numerous counties, lordships, etc, in south-western Germany 1805: Remaining territories annexed by Baden, Bavaria, and Württemberg
Füssen	Abbacy

G

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Gandersheim	Abbacy				856: Abbey of Gandersheim founded by Duke Ludolf of Saxony 1793: Council of Princes 1803: To Brunswick
Gelderland Guelders Gelre Geldern	1096:County 1317: HRE Prince 1339: Duchy				1179: Inherited County of Zutphen by marriage 1247: Acquired the pawned Imperial city of Nijmegen 1393: Inherited Duchy of Julich 1473: To the Dukes of Burgundy 1512: Burgundian Circle 1579: Joined the Union of Utrecht 1582: HRE Council of Princes 1672: French occupation 1713: Southern Gelderland fell to Prussia 1795: To Batavian Republic To Kingdom of Holland 1810: To France 1815: Tol Kingdom of The Netherlands
Gelnhausen	Imperial Free City			1170	1745: Annexed to Hesse-Cassel
Gemen	Lordship	Low Rhen		962: 1st mention of Gemen	1282: Gemen a fief of the Counts of Cleves 1492: Lords of Gemen extinct; passed to Counts of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg through the heiress Cordula of Gemen Combined with Schaumburg to form County of Schaumburg and Gemen 1640: Passed to the Counts of Limburg-Styrum 1644: In a partition, Gemen passed to the line of Limburg-Styrum-Gemen 1782: With extinction of Gemen branch, Gemen inherited by the line of Limburg-Styrum-Iller-Aicheheim 1800: Passed to the Barons of Bomelberg 1806: Mediatized to the Princes of Salm-Kyrburg 1810: To France 1814: To Prussia
Geneva	County			1034	1401-1405: Amadeus VIII purchased all rights to Geneva from their legatees and from the Bishopric of Geneva
Geneva	Bishopric 1154: Prince-Bishopric	Upp Rhen
Geneva	1533: Free Imperial City				1156: Ruled by Bishops of Geneva
Gengenbach	Abbacy	Swab			1793: Council of Princes
Gengenbach	Imperial City	Swab	SW	c1250	1803: Mediatized to Baden
Gernrode	Abbacy			c959/961 by Margrave Gero	961: Under Imperial protection 1512: To Upper Saxon Circle 1610: Secularized to Anhalt 1793: Council of Princes
Gerlachsheim	Lordship 1804: HRE Principality of Krautheim and Gerlachsheim				To Salm-Reifferscheid
Gerolstein and Bettingen	County			1533: Partitioned from Blankenheim and Gerolstein	1697: Annexed to Blankenheim
Geyer-Giebelstatt	1685: HRE County
Giech HRE Count & Lord of Giech	Lordship 1680: HRE Barony 1695: HRE County	FR	FR	1333	1720-1723: immediate Lords of Wittem 1726: Imperial Estate 1791: Under ovelordship of Prussia
Giengen	Imperial City	Swab	SW	c1250	1803: Mediatized to Württemberg
Gimborn	1631: Imperial Lordship 1682: County				Since the 1200's, Gimborn belonged to the Lords of Sankt Gereon in Cologne, Berg, Mark, Kruwell, Burtscheid, Nesselrode and Harff 1273: Pawned by Count Adolf of Berg to Count Engelbert of Mark 1400's: Gimborn is mentioned as a fief of Sankt Gereon in Cologne 1610: Gimborn elevated to the "Unterherrschaft" of Brandenburg 1782/1783: Sold to the Counts of Wallmoden 1806: To the Grand Duchy of Berg 1815: To Prussia
Gimborn-Neustadt	Lordship 1631: HRE County
Glarus	Imperial valley			1415	1648: Left Empire as member of Swiss Confederation
Glatz	1459: County				981: To Bohemian Prince Slavnik 995-1305: To Premyslid dynasty 1459: Counts of Glatz elevated to HRE Prince 1477: Granted Lordship of Hummel by Bohemian King 1526: Passed to Austrian Habsburgs together with Bohemia 1763: To Prussia
Gleichen	1162: County			1228: Partitioned from Tonna	1124 and 1137: Passed to Archbishopric of Mainz To Counts of Tonna (extinct 1631) 1345: Partitioned 1631: Territory divided among Hohenlohe, Mainz, Schwarzburg and Trautenburg 1639: To Hatzfeld 1803: To Prussia
Gleichenstein	County			1227: Partitioned from Tonna	1294: Annexed to Mainz
Gmünd - see under "Schwäbisch Gmünd"
Godesberg	County			1276: Partitioned from Neuenahr	1465: Partitioned into Alpheim and Bedburg
Goldineshundare	County			950: Partitioned from Cläven	1067: Extinct
Goltstein	1694: HRE Count				1771: immediate LOrds of Slenaken
Gondorf	Lordship			1611: Partitioned from Saffig	1692: Annexed to Nickenich
Gorizia Gorz	County 1365: HRE Princely County 1754: Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca	n/a			1031: To Counts of Eppenstein 1090: To Counts of Lurn Acquired Tyrol by marriage 1258: Division into Gorz and Tyrol (extinct 1335) 1500: Inherited by Austria 1747: United to form Gorizia and Gradisca 1809: French occupation
Goslar	Imperial City	Low Sax	RH		1803: Mediatized
Gräfenthal Grafenthal	Lordship			1439: Partitioned from Pappenheim	1536: Re-annexed to Pappenheim
Gradisca	1647: County 1754: Princel County of Gorizia and Gradisca	Aust	n/a	1511: Annexed to Austria	1647: To Eggenberg 1717: To Austria 1747: United to form Gorizia and Gradisca
Granges	Lordship
Gravenegg					Acquired Eglingen
Grävenitz Gravenitz HRE Count of Grävenitz	1707: HRE Counts				1718-1731: immediate Lords of Welzheim 1726: Imperial Estate
Grävenstein Gravenstein	Lordship
Greifensee	Lordship
Greyerz	County
Groningen	Lordship				1512: Burgundian Circle 1579: To United Provinces
Grubenhagen - see "Brunswick-Grubenhagen"
Grubenslagen	Principality
Guelders	c1088: Landgraviate 1339: Duchy, claimed the status of archduchy	Burg	PR	1082 / 1096	1543: To Burgundy After 1581: divided between United Provinces and Southern Netherlands 1795: Annexed to France
Gundelfingen	Lordship	Swab
Gurk	1072: Bishopric Prince-Bishopric	Aust		1072	1803: Annexed to Carinthia by Austria
Gutenstein	Lordship
Gutenzell	Abbacy	Swab			1793: Council of Princes

H

Name	Type	Circle	Bench	Formed	Notes
Haag	HRE County				1500: Bavarian Circle 1567: Line died out; to Dukes of Bavaria
Habsburg	County			1040	1305: Annexed to Austria, gave its name to the archducal dynasty which became the de facto imperial dynasty 1414: Annexed to Bern
Habsburg-Lauffenburg Habsburg-Laufenburg	County			1239: Partitioned from Habsburg	Partitioned several times 1282-1408: Acquired Landgraviate of Klettgau 1408: Partitions all annexed to Sulz
Hadeln	"Framer Republic"				1689: Imperial Estate 1731: To Hanover
Haguenau Hagenau	Imperial Free City	Upp Rhen		1260	1648: Annexed to France
Hagenau	"Landvogtei"
Hainaut (in French), Henegouwen (in Dutch), Hennegau (in German)	County (unification of countship of Bergen, margraviate of Valenciennes and the southern countship of the Brabant shire)	Burg	PR	1071	1299: United with the County of Holland 1436: To Burgundy 1512: Burgundian Cirlce
Hainburg	County			1240: Partitioned from Regenstein	1368: Re-annexed to Regenstein
Halberstadt	Bishopric	Low Sax	EC	996	1648: Secularized as a principality to Brandenburg
Halberstadt	Principality			1648: Secularized from Bp. of Halberstadt
Haldenstein	Barony
Hall - see under "Schwäbisch Hall"
Hallermund	County	Low Rhen		c1163	1398: Annexed to Corvey 1408: Annexed to Minden 1436: Annexed to Brunswick 1707: Annexed to Platen-Hallermund
Hals	County			12th Century	1443: Annexed to Leuchtenberg
Hamburg	Imperial City	Low Sax	RH	1189
Hanau Count of Hanau, Rhineck and Zweibrücken, Lord of Münzenberg, Lichtenberg and Ochsenhausen	1429: HRE County 1803: HRE Principality			1178	1243: 1st mention of Hanau castle 1255: Acquired Lordship of Munzenberg 1451: Division into Hanau-Munzenberg and Hanau-Lichtenberg 1458: Division into Hanau-Babenhausen, Hanau-Munzenberg and Hanau-Lichtenberg 1480:Acquired Lordship of Lichtenberg Reunited 1736: Passed to Hesse-Kassel 1803: To France 1810: Grand Duchy of Frankfurt 1813: To Hesse-Kassel 1866: To Prussia
Hanau-Babenhausen	1429: County			1451: Partitioned from Hanau	1481: Became Hanau-Lichtenberg
Hanau-Lichtenberg	1429: County 1696: HRE Principality	Upp Rhen		1481: Superseded Hanau-Babenhausen	1642: Inherited extinct line of Hanau-Munzenberg 1736: Line extinct; divided between Hesse-Darmstadt and Mainz 1785: United to Hesse-Kassel
Hanau-Munzenberg	1429: County				1642: Male line extinct; united with Hanau-Lichtenberg 1736: Inherited by Hesse-Darmstadt
Hanover	Duchy 1692: HRE Prince-Elector	Low Sax	EL	1636
Harburg	Principality
Hardegg	HRE County
Harrach	County (personalist)	n/a	SW	1628
Harmersbach	Imperial Valley
Hartelstein	Lordship			1460: Partitioned from Saffig	1477: Annexed to Saffig-Olbrück
Hatzfeld HRE Prince of Hatzfeld-Gleichen-Trachenberg, Baron of Wildenburg, Lord of Crottorf, Schönstein, Kranichfeld, Blankenhain, etc.	Lordship 1635: HRE County 1748: HRE Principality	Upp Sax			1639: Acquired Gleichen 1640: Imperial estate; immediate HRE Counts of Gleichen 1741: non-immediate Princes of Trachenberg in Prussia
Hauenstein	County
Hausen	Lordship	??			1500: Franconian Circle
Havelberg	Bishopric
Heggbach	Abbacy	Swab			1793: Council of Princes
Heideck Heydeck	HRE Lordship				Acquired Bretzenheim 1471: To Bavaria
Heilbronn	Imperial Free City	Swab	SW	1350	1803: Mediatized
Heiligenberg	County	Swab
Heiligkreuzthal	Abbacy
Heinsberg	County			1085	1479: Annexed to Jülich
Helffenstein Helfenstein	County			1113	Partitioned several times 1627: Divided between Fürstenberg and Württemberg 1643: To Bavaria and Wurttemberg
Helmarshausen	RA
Henneberg	County 1471: HRE Princely Count of Henneberg	Franc		1037	Partitioned several times; the comital title was merged into the full imperial style Partitions annexed to Mansfeld-Bornstedt, Meißen, Saxony and Stolberg-Stolberg 1500: Franconian Circle 1582: HRE Council of Princes
Herford	823: Imperial Abbey 1523: Princess-Abbess	Low Rhen		c800	819: Benedictine Abbey of Herford founded by Emperor Louis the Pious 1793: Council of Princes 1803: Secularized to Prussia
Herford	1631: Free City	Low Rhen	RH		1648(?): Annexed to Brandenburg
Héricourt	Lordship
Herrenzimmern	Lordship 1530: County			1495: Partitioned from Zimmern	1570: Annexed to Mötzkirch
Herrstein	Lordship
Hersfeld	HRE Abbey			1232	1432: To Hesse 1606: Under administration by Hesse-Kassel 1648: Secularized to Hesse-Kassel
Hesse HRE Prince-Elector, Sovereign Landgrave of Hesse, Grand Duke of Fulda, Prince of Hersfeld, Hanau, Fritzlar & Isenburg, Count of Katzenelnbogen, Dietz, Ziegenhain, Nidda, Schaumburg	1265: Landgraviate 1292: HRE Prince 1500: Duchy 1806: Grand Duchy 1866: Electorate	Upp Rhen	PR	12647 Split off from Thuringia	Acquired Giessen AcquiredZiegenhain Acquired Nidda Acquired Katzenelnbogen 1432: Overlordship over Abbey of Hersfeld 1567: Partitioned into Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Marburg, and Hesse-Rheinfels 1582: HRE Council of Princes
Hesse-Darmstadt Grand Duke of Hesse and of the Rhine	Landgraviate 1806: Grand Duchy	Upp Rhen	PR	1567: Created on partition of Hesse	1582: HRE Council of Princes 1736: Inherited Hanau-Lichtenberg 1806: Joined Confederation of the Rhine
Hesse-Homburg Landgrave of Hesse, Prince of Hersfeld, Count of Katzenelnbogen, Dietz, Ziegenhain, Nidda, Schaumburg, Isenburg & Büdingen				1622: Division from Hesse-Darmstadt	1650: Divided into Hesse-Homburg and Hesse-Homburg-Bingenheim 1668: Becomes independent of Hesse-Darmstadt 1681: Homburg and Bingenheim reunited 1806: Hesse-Homburg annexed to Hesse-Darmstadt 1815: Hesse-Homburg reinstated 1866: To Hesse-Darmstadt 1866: To Prussia
Hesse-Kassel Prince-Elector of Hesse, Grand Duke of Fulda, Prince of Hersfeld, Hanau, Fritzlar & Isenburg, Count of Katzenelnbogen, Dietz, Ziegenhain, Nidda & Schaumburg	1265: Landgraviate 1803: Electorate	Upp Rhen	PR	1567: Created on partition of Hesse	1582: HRE Council of Princes 1736: Inherited Hanau-Munzenberg 1815: Acquired Prince-Bishopric of Fulda 1866: To Prussia
Hesse-Marburg	1265: Landgraviate	Upp Rhen	PR	1567: Created on partition of Hesse	1582: HRE Council of Princes 1604: Merged into Hesse-Kassel
Hesse-Rheinfels	1265: Landgraviate	Upp Rhen	PR	1567: Created on partition of Hesse	1582: HRE Council of Princes 1583: Territory partitioned between Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Marburg, and Hesse-Rheinfels
Hildesheim	815: Bishopric c1221: Prince-Bishopric	Low Sax	EC	888	1793: Council of Princes 1802: Annexed to Brandenburg 1803: Secularized to Prussia
Hildesheim	Free City	Low Sax	EC	1300	1803: Annexed to Brandenburg
Hillesheim Hillesheimb HRE Count of Hillesheim, (?)Lord of Reipoltskirchen	Barony 1712: HRE County				1722: immediate Lords of Reipoltskirchen
Hochberg	Margraviate
Hochstaden	County			1144	1261: Annexed to Abp. of Cologne
Hohenberg	HRE County				1280/1287: Acquired Lordship of Altensteig 1381: To Austria (Leopoldine line) Acquired Lordships of Wildberg, Nagold, Altensteig and Horb Purchased Lordship of Oberndorf 1253: Division into Hohenberg-Rottenburg and Hohenberg-Nagold Division of Hohenberg-Nagold into Hohenberg-Nagold and Hohenberg-Wildberg
Hohenberg-Altensteig					1397/1398: Sold to Margraves of Baden 1603: To Duchy of Wurttemberg
Hohenberg-Nagold	County			1253: Partitioned from Zollern and Hohenberg	1264: Annexed to Zollern-Nuremberg 1363: Sold to Wurttemberg
Hohenberg-Rottenburg	County			1253: Partitioned from Zollern and Hohenberg	1264: Annexed to Zollern-Nuremberg
Hohenberg-Wildberg					1355: Division into Hohenberg-Burlach and Hohenberg-Altensteig
Hohenems Hohen-Embs HRE Count of Hohenems, Lord of Lustenau	1333: County 1560: HRE County	Swab		c1210	?: Immediate Lords of Hohenems 1603: Imperial Estate 1613: Counts of Sulz sold Vaduz and Schellenberg to the Counts of Hohenems 1613-1712: immediate Counts of Vaduz ?: immediate Lords of Lustenau 1646: Partitioned into Hohenems-Hohenems and Hohenems-Vaduz 17__: Lost Imperial Estate status 1765: Acquired by Austria
Hohenems-Hohenems	County			1646: Partitioned from Hohenems	1718: Annexed to Hohenems-Vaduz
Hohenems-Vaduz	County			1646: Partitioned from Hohenems	1712: Purchased by House of Liechtenstein 1719: Annexed to P. of Liechtenstein
Hohenfels	HRE Lordship
Hohengeroldseck	12th cent.: Lordship 1705: County Principality	Swab			1692-1705: Under Imperial Administration Acquired by Leyen 1815: To Austria 1819: To Baden
Hohenlohe	1100's: County 1450: HRE County	Franc		1192	1100's: Henry I was the 1st to take title of Count of Hohenlohe 1230: Dvision into Hohenlohe-Hohenlohe and Hohenlohe-Brauneck 1256: Partitioned into Hohenlohe-Möckmühl, Hohenlohe-Röltingen and Hohenlohe-Weikersheim 1500: Franconian Circle 1390: Hohenlohe-Brauneck line extinct; lands passed to Brandenburg 1412: Hohenlohe-Uffenheim-Speckfeld line extinct 1551: Division into Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg 1631: Hohenlohe-Neuenstein inherited County of Gleichen 1805: Senior line of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein extinct 1701: Junion line of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein divided into Hohelohe-Langenburg, Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and Hohenlohe-Kirchberg 1861: Hohenlohe-Kirchberg line died out 1824: Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst inherited the Duchies of Rabibor and Corbie Area (1806): 680 sq. mi.; Pop: 108,000
Hohenlohe-Bartenstein	1688: HRE County 1764: HRE Principality			1688: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst	1798: Division into Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and Hohenlohe-Jagstberg 1806: Mediatised to Wurttemberg
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen	1701: County 1764: HRE Principality			1701: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1806: Annexed by Bavaria
Hohenlohe-Jagstberg	1798-1806: Principality			1798: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Bartenstein	1806: Mediatised to Wurttemberg
Hohenlohe-Kirchberg	1650: County 1764: HRE Principality			1650: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1701: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Langenburg	1675: Reunited with Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1806: Mediatised to Bavaria 1810: Traded to Wurttemberg
Hohenlohe-Künzelsau	1676-1689: County			1676: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Nueustein	1689: Reunited with Hohenlohe-Nueustein
Hohenlohe-Langenburg	1586: County 1764: HRE Principality			1586: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Neuenstein
Hohenlohe-Möckmühl	County			1256: Partitioned from Hohenlohe	1340: Divided between Hohenlohe-Uffenheim and Hohenlohe-Wernsberg
Hohenlohe-Neuenstein	1472: County 1772: HRE Principality			1472: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Weikersheim	1698: To Hohenlohe-Nueustein-Oehringen 1702: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Nueustein-Oehringen 1708: Annexed to Hohenlohe-Neuestein-Öhringen
Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Ingelfingen HRE Prince of Hohenlohe, Count of Gleichen, Lord of Langenburg & Kranichfeld	1764: HRE Principality
Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Kirchberg HRE Prince of Hohenlohe, Count of Gleichen, Lord of Langenburg & Kranichfeld	1764: HRE Principality
Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Langenburg HRE Prince of Hohenlohe, Count of Gleichen, Lord of Langenburg & Kranichfeld)	1764: HRE Principality
Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Oehringen	1698: County 1764: HRE Principality				1702: Division into Hohenlohe-Oehringen and Count of Hohenlohe-Nueustein
Hohenlohe-Öhringen	1641: HRE County 1764: HRE Principality			1676: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Neuenstein	1765: Annexed to Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 1805: Passed to Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Hohenlohe-Röltingen	County			1256: Partitioned from Hohenlohe	Extinct in 1290
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst	County			1615: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Waldenburg	1688: Partitioned into Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Weikersheim	County			1472: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Weikersheim	1545: Annexed to Hohenlohe-Neuenstein
Hohenlohe-Uffenheim	County			1262: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Möckmühl	1387: Annexed to Nuremberg
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg	1553: County 1557: HRE Prince 1757: HRE Principality			1553: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Neuenstein	1615, 1679: Partitioned into various states
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein HRE Prince of Hohenlohe, Count of Waldenburg, Lord of Langenburg	1744: HRE Principality				1746: Franconian Imperial Circle
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst HRE Prince of Hohenlohe, Count of Waldenburg, Lord of Schillingsfürst & Langenburg	1697: HRE County 1744: HRE Principality			1688: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1806: Annexed by Bavaria
Hohenlohe-Weikersheim	County			1256: Partitioned from Hohenlohe	1490: Annexed to Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Weikersheim
Hohenlohe-Weikersheim	County			1610: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Neuenstein	1756: Annexed to Hohenlohe-Öhringen
Hohenlohe-Wernsberg	County			1267: Partitioned from Hohenlohe-Möckmühl	1350: Annexed to Hohenlohe-Uffenheim
Hohenrechberg	Lordship			1163	1585: Annexed to Staufeneck
Hohenrechberg and Aichen	Lordship 1626: County			1605: Partitioned from Aichen	1676: Annexed to Donzdorf
Hohenwaldeck and Maxlrain Hohen-Waldeck	Lordship				1500: Bavarian Circle
Hohenzollern HRE Prince of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Sigmaringen & Vöringen, Count of Berg, Lord of Haigerloch & Werstein, etc.	County 1623: HRE Princely County			1309: Emerged from the countships of Zollern	1061: 1st mention of Hohenzollerns 1267: 1st mention of Zollern Castle 1512: Partitioned into Hohenzollern-Hechingen & ?
Hohenzollern-Haigerloch	County 1630: Principality			1575: Partitioned from Hohenzollern-Hechingen	1767: Annexed to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Hohenzollern-Hechingen Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Sigmaringen and Veringen, Count of Berg, Lord of Haigerloch and Werstein, etc	County 1623: HRE Principality	Swab		1512: Partitioned from Hohenzollern	1653: HRE Council of Princes 1806: Joined Confederation of the Rhine 1815: Joined German Confederation 1849: To Prussia 1869: Hohenzollern-Hechingen line became extinct
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen HRE Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Sigmaringen and Veringen, Count of Berg, Lord of Haigerloch and Werstein, etc.	County 1623: Principality	Swab		1575: Partitioned from Hohenzollern-Hechingen	1849: To Prussia
Hohnstein Hohenstein	County	Upp Sax		1123	1238-1267: Counts of Hohenstein acquired County of Klettenberg as a fief of Prince-Bishop of Halberstadt1268: Acquired Lordship of Sommerda 1300's: Acquired County of Lohra 1593: Line of Counts of Hohenstein died out Partitioned several times 1648: Annexed to Brandenburg, Schwarzburg and Stolberg Under partial overlordship of Hanover
Holland	1000's: HRE County 1806-1810: Kingdom of Holland			c1150: Split off from Bishopric of Utrecht	1064: 1st mention of Holland c1100: Title Count of Holland 1st used 1299: United with the County of Hainaut 1349-1433: To Bavarian Wittelsbachs 1433-1482: To Duchy of Burgundy; later the dominant hegemon of the United Provinces, but as a republic, the house of Orange being merely styled stadholder 1482-1581: To Habsburgs 1512: Burgundian Circle 1813: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Holstein Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarshes, Lauenburg & Oldenburg	County 1111-1474: HRE County 1474-1806:HRE Duchy	Low Sax	PR	1111	1111: Emperor Lothair enfeoffed Adolf of Schauenburg with Holstein and Stormarn 1261: Division into Holstein-Itzehoe, Holstein-Kiel, Holstein-Pinneberg, Holstein-Plon, Holstein-Rendsburg, Holstein-Segeberg 1386: Acquired Duchy of Schleswig 1474: Merged into Schleswig-Holstein 1582: HRE Council of Princes
Holstein-Glückstadt					1582: HRE Council of Princes
Holstein-Gottorp					1582: HRE Council of Princes
Holstein-Schaumburg HRE Prince, Count of Holstein, Schaumburg and Sternberg, Lord of Gemen
Holzapfel Holzappel	1641: HRE County	Low Rhen		1641	1727: Passed to Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
Homburg	Lordship
Horburg	County
Horne	County				After 1568: Personal union with Bp. of Liège
Horneck	Commandery
Hörstgen Horstgen	Lordship				Under overlordship of Mors To Counts of Drachenfels 1530: Inherited by Millendonk-Mirlar Passed to Brochhorst Passed to Croy Passed to Burlepsch Passed to Ostein 1754: Passed to Barons of Knesebeck 1794: French occupation 1815: To Prussia
Höwen	Lordship
Hoya	1202: County	Low Rhen		1204	1202: 1st mention of "Count of Hoya" 1215: Purchased the free county of Nienburg Purchased County of Altbruchhausen Purchased County of Neubruchhausen 1345: Division into Upper Hoya (Nienburg) and Lower Hoya (Hoya) 1497: Hoya line extinct; territories to Nienburg 1512: Occupied by Brunswick-Luneburg 1519: Counts of Hoya regained territories 1582: Line died out; territories to Hanover 1866: To Prussia

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Grouped lists

The following lists are going to be included into the table above.

Ecclesiastical orders

• The Teutonic Order
  1529: College of Princes
  1793: Council of Princes
• The Order of St. John
  1793: Council of Princes

Livonian territories

• Livonian Order (secularized 16th century, to Poland)
• Archbishopric of Riga in Livonia (secularized in 16th century, to Poland)
• Bishopric of Dorpat (conquered by Russia in 1558)
• Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (sold 1560 to Denmark)
• Bishopric of Courland (sold 1560 to Denmark)

Territories of Old Princely Families

• Holstein-Gottorp
• * Holstein-Gottorp-Oldenburg
• Holstein-Glückstadt

Italian territories

• Mantua
• Milan
• Modena and Reggio
  Duke of Modena, Reggio, Mirandola, Massa, Carrara and Guastalla, etc
  1452: Duchy of Modena and Reggio
  1796-1814: French occupation

Territories of New Princely Families

• Thurn und Taxis, held Friedberg-Scheer (1754)

See also

• Holy Roman Empire
• Imperial State
• Imperial Circle Estates
• List of Reichstag participants (1792)
• Reichstag (institution)
• Prince-elector
• Prince of the church, mainly Prince-Bishop

References

In English

• The Arenberg Archives and Cultural Centre. "The Dukes of Arenberg". [link]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
• Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture. "aeiou: The Annotable, Elektronic, Interactive, Osterreich (Austria), Universal Information System". [link]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
• "Austrian and German Mediatized Houses, 1871-1919". [link]. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
• "Braunschweig - Brunswick. A history". [link]. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
• Cahoon, Benjamin M. (2000-2006). "Europe Index" in WorldStatesmen.org. [link]. June 26, 2006.
• Cawley, Charles (2006). "Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families" in Foundation of Medieval Genealogy. [link]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
• Dotor, Santiago (2004). "Historical Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)" in FOTW: Flags of the World Web Site. [link]. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
• "Freiburg's History for Pedestrians" (2006). [link]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
• Graz, Thomas. "Thomas's Glassware Tour to Central Europe: Old Glasses from Old Europe" in German History Ring. [link]. Retrieved June 20, 2006.
• Hilkens, Bob (2000). "States and Regents of the World: An Alphabetical Listing of States and Territories and their Regents in the 19th and 20th Centuries". [link]. Retrieved June 27, 2006.
• "History of the House of Sayn". [link]. Retrieved July 13, 2006.
• Kessler Associates (1999-2006). "Kingdoms of Europe". [link]. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
• "Lippe(-Detmold): Chronology of Lippe" in Genealogy.net. [link]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
• Martinsson, Örjan. "Historical Atlas: Europe". [link]. Retrieved July 14, 2006.

• "Medieval German Counties". [link]. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
• "Milestones in Pomeranian History, with particular attention to Lauenburg and Buetow". [link]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
• Pantel, Mike (2000). "The History of Baden-Wurttemberg". [link]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
• Principality of Liechtenstein. "Liechtenstein at a Glance: History". [link]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
• Reitwiesner, William Addams (1998). "One of the major questions about the Mediatized Houses is the word 'Mediatized'. What does it mean?". [link]. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
• Rozn, Val (1999-2003). "The German Reigning Houses: Titles, territories, regnal chronologies". [link]. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
• Rozn, Val (2002). "The Imperial Nobility and the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire". [link]. Retrieved July 16, 2006.
• Rozn, Val (2002). "The Last Years of the Ancient Empire". [link]. Retrieved June 24, 2006
• Sainty, Guy Stair. "European Royal Houses". [link]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
• Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Knights of Saint John in Germany". [link]. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
• "Schaumburg-Lippe" in Genealogy.net. [link]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
• "Sovereigns in Germany". [link]. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
• Velde, Francois (2005). "The Holy Roman Empire". [link]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
• Velde, Francois (2005). "Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law" [link]. Retrieved Jue 26, 2006.
• Voss, Hans Peter. "History of Schleswig Holstein". [link]. Retrieved July 3, 2006.

In Other Languages

• Bursik, Heinrich (1998). "Die Herrschaft Hohenberg und die Markgrafschaft Burgau". [link]. For Google-translated English version [link]. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
• "Das Fürstenhaus Bentheim-Tecklenburg". [link]. For Google-translated English version, see [link]. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
• Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Territorial arrangement of North Rhine-Westphalia 1789". (Translation from the original in German through Google Search). [link]. (Excellent articles and links about the States of the Holy Roman Empire). Retrieved June 26, 2006.
• "Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer". [link]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
• Ortwein, Friedrich J. "Die Herren zu Rappoltstein" (The Lords of Rappoltstein)". [link]. (For English translation: [link]). Retrieved June 25, 2006.
• "Die Reichsstände". [link]. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
• Wember, Heinz. "Die Genealogie (Genealogy) von Montfort: Bludenz, Bregenz, Feldkirch, Heiligenberg, Herrenberg, Langenargen, Pfullendorf, Rheinegg, Rothenfels, Sargans, Tettnang, Tosters, Tübingen, Vaduz, Wasserburg, Werdenberg, Zollern". [link]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
• [List of imperial circles of 1532]
• [List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521]

Maps and Illustrations

• Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Historical maps - Germany at the end of the 18th century". [link]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
• Westermann, Großer Atlass zu Weltgeschichte (in German; exquisite detailed maps)

Other Sources

• [Carantha: History of Slovenia-Carantania]
• [The Catholic Encyclopedia]
• [Foundation for Medieval Genealogy]
• [Genealogie delle Dinastie Nobili Italiane] (On ruling families and polities in present-day Republic of Italy)
• [Heraldica]
• [HIS DATA: Historische Herrscher der Territorien (Adel)] (German)
• [HIS DATA: Historical Rulers of the Territories (Aristocracy)] (English translation)
• [Internet Medieval Sourcebook]
• [Regional Research in German-speaking Countries]
• [Regnal Chronologies]
• [World Statesmen]

 

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