Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands)
Encyclopedia : L : LI : LIV : Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands)
Livingston Island () is an Antarctic island in the South Shetland Islands, Western Antarctica lying between Greenwich and Snow Islands. This island was known to sealers as early as 1819, and the name Livingston has been well established in international usage for over 180 years.
Geography
Livingston is situated in the Southern Ocean 110 km to the northwest of Cape Roquemaurel on the Antarctic Mainland, 830 km to the south-southeast of Cape Horn in South America, 820 km to the southeast of Diego Ramirez Islands (the southernmost land of South America), 1000 km due south of the Falkland Islands, 1600 km to the southwest of South Georgia Island, and 3000 km from the South Pole.
The Island is part of the South Shetlands archipelago, an islands chain extending over 500 km in east-northeast to west-southwest direction, and separated from the nearby Antarctic Peninsula by Bransfield Strait, and from South America by the Drake Passage. The South Shetlands cover a total land area of 3687 km² comprising (from east to west) Clarence Island, Elephant Island, King George Island, Nelson Island, Robert Island, Greenwich Island, Livingston Island, Deception Island, Snow Island, Low Island and Smith Island, as well as numerous smaller islets and rocks.
Livingston is separated from the neighbouring Greenwich Island to the east and Snow Island to the west-southwest respectively by McFarlane Strait and by Morton Strait. Deception Island, located barely 18 km southwest of Livingston’s Barnard Point in the Bransfield Strait, is a volcano whose crater is forming the sheltered harbour of Port Foster entered by a single narrow passage, Neptunes Bellows.
The Island is extending 73 km from Start Point in the west to Renier Point in the east, its width varying from 5 km at the neck between South Bay and Hero Bay to 34 km between Botev Point to the south and Williams Point to the north, with surface area of 974 km². There are many islets and rocks in the surrounding waters, particularly numerous off the north coast. More sizable among the adjacent smaller islands are Rugged Island off Byers Peninsula, Half Moon Island in Moon Bay and Desolation Island in Hero Bay to the north.
Ice cliffs, often withdrawing in the recent decades to uncover new coves, beaches and points, form most of the coastline. Except for isolated patches the land surface is covered by an ice cap, highly crevassed in certain segments, with ice domes and plateaus in the cenrtal and western areas, and a number of valley glaciers formed by the more mountainous relief of eastern Livingston. Typical of the Island’s glaciology are the conspicuous ash layers originating from volcanic activity on the neighbouring Deception Island.
Apart from the extensive Byers Peninsula (61 km²) forming the west extremity of Livingston, the ice-free part of the island includes certain coastal areas at Cape Shirreff, Siddons Point, Hannah Point, Williams Point, Hurd Peninsula and Rozhen Peninsula, as well as slopes in the mountain ranges, ridges and heights in eastern Livingston that are too precipitous to keep snow. The principal mountain formations include Tangra Mountains (30 km long, with Mt. Friesland rising to 1700 m), Bowles Ridge (6.5 km, elevation 822 m), Vidin Heights (8 km, 604 m), Burdick Ridge (773 m), Melnik Ridge (696 m) and Pliska Ridge (667 m).The local variety of the Antarctic Peninsula weather is particularly changeable, windy, humid and sunless; says Australian mountaineer Damien Gildea: ‘Livingston got just about the worst weather in the world’. Whiteouts are common, and blizzards can occur at any time of the year. Temperatures are rather constant, rarely exceeding 3 °C in summer or falling below –11 °C in winter, with wind chill temperatures up to 5-10 °C lower.
Follow the average temperatures of the warmest month, of the coldest month, and annual, and the average annual rainfall; comparative data for some other locations:Livingston Island (coastal areas): 1.3 °C (34.3 °F), –7 °C (19.4 °F), –2.7 °C (27.1 °F), 800 mm (31.5 inches);
London: 17 °C (62.6 °F), 3.9 °C (39 °F), 9.9 °C (49.8 °F), 611 mm (24 inches).
Cherni Vrah (peak rising to 2,290 m just 6.5 km from Sofia): 8.6 °C (47.5 °F), –8.1 °C (17.4 °F), 0.1 °C (32.2 °F), 1,178 mm (46.4 inches);
Sofia: 20.1 °C (68.2 °F), –1.1 °C (30 °F), 9.9 °C (49.8 °F), 575 mm (22.6 inches).
History
Antarctica comprises the Antarctic Continent (that mythical Terra Australis Incognita the pursuit of which has inspired many geographical discoveries in the past) as well as the adjacent islands and polar waters. Its natural physical boundary is the Antarctic Convergence or Antarctic Polar Front, a well defined 50 km wide zone encircling the earth at about 55° south latitude where cold southern waters and warmer northern waters meet. Parts of this ‘geographical’ Antarctica are several islands lying north of 60° south latitude that come under the national jurisdiction of certain countries, namely South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Britain), Bouvet Island / Bouvetøya (Norway), Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia), and Kerguelen (France).
According to some historians the Dutchman Dirck Gerritsz in 1599, and the Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla in 1603 may have been the first to see any Antarctic lands, both of them supposedly sailing south of the Drake Passage in the South Shetland Islands area. Better documented is the discovery of South Georgia Island by the London merchant Antony de la Roché, whose ship was blown off course and took refuge in one of the island’s bays in April 1675.
It was only in the Nineteenth Century however that any land was discovered in what today is ‘political’ Antarctica, and that land happened to be Livingston Island. Captain William Smith in the English merchant brig Williams, while sailing to Valparaiso in 1819 deviated from his route south of Cape Horn, and on 19 February sighted the northeast extremity of Livingston, Williams Point.
Few months later Smith revisited the South Shetlands to land on King George Island on 16 October 1819 and claim possession for Britain. In the meantime, a Spanish vessel had been damaged by severe weather in the Drake Passage and sunk off the north coast of Livingston in September 1819. The 74-gun San Telmo commanded by Captain Rosendo Porlier was the flagship of a Spanish naval squadron bound for Callao to reinforce colonial forces there fighting the independence movements in Spanish America. The 644 officers, soldiers and seamen lost onboard the San Telmo were the first people to die in Antarctica. While no one survived, parts of her wreckage were found subsequently by sealers on Half Moon Beach, Cape Shirreff.
In December 1819 William Smith returned with his ship to the South Shetlands once again. This time he was chartered by Captain William Shirreff, British commanding officer in the Pacific stationed in Chile, and accompanied by Lieutenant Edward Bransfield who was tasked to survey and map the new lands. On 30 January 1820 they sighted the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, unaware that far away to the east and only three days earlier, the Continent had already been discovered by the Russian Antarctic expedition of Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen and Mihail Lazarev.
One year later, the Russians had circumnavigated Antarctica and arrived in the South Shetlands region in January 1821 to find over 50 American and English sealing vessels and 1000 men taking hundreds of thousands of fur seal skins. While sailing between Deception Island and Livingston (named Smolensk by the Russians) Bellingshausen met the American Captain Nathaniel Palmer, yet another pioneer of Antarctic exploration who himself had sighted the mainland in the previous November. Thus while the Antarctic Continent was first seen in 1820, its early discovery has been contested on behalf of Bransfield, Palmer and Bellingshausen by their respective nations for more than a century. That priority is now generally credited to the Russians.
The first landing on the Continent itself was made on 7 February 1821 at Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula, as the American vessel Huron of Captain John Davis was exploring for seals the area south of the South Shetlands. In yet another first, at the end of the 1820/21 season eleven Englishmen from the ship Lord Melville failed to leave King George Island, and successfully overwintered in Antarctica – the first people to do so.
Remains of huts and sealer artefacts are still found on Livingston, which possesses the greatest concentration of historical sites in Antarctica (excepting South Georgia). The names of many geographical features on the Island also refer to its early history. Among the commemorated are ship captains such as the Americans Christopher Burdick, Charles Barnard, Robert Johnson, Donald MacKay, Robert Inott, David Leslie, Benjamin Brunow, Robert Macy, Prince Moores and William Napier, the Britons William Shirreff, M’Kean, John Walker, Ralph Bond, Christopher MacGregor, T. Binn and William Bowles, the Australian Richard Siddons, people like the New York shipowner James Byers, the American whaling merchants William and Francis Rotch, British Admiralty hydrographer Thomas Hurd, and John Miers, publisher of the first chart of the South Shetland Islands based on the work of William Smith, or sealing vessels like Huron, Williams, Samuel, Gleaner, Huntress, Charity, Hannah, Henry, John, Hero and others.
Some of the place names given by the Nineteen Century sealers are descriptive, such as Devils Point, Hell Gates and Neck or Nothing Passage, hazardous places where ships and people were lost; Inept Cove, Needle Peak, or the Robbery Beaches where American sealers were robbed of their sealskins by the British. However, names like Livingston, Mount Friesland and Renier Point also go back to the first few seasons after the discovery of the islands yet their particular origins remain unknown.
The sealers have left Antarctica long time ago, the seals have already recovered their numbers and each year more and more whales are seen too. The place of old sealers and whalers is overtaken by scientists and tourists nowadays.
Scientific Bases
The permanent scientific bases of [Juan Carlos I] (Spain) and St. Kliment Ohridski (Bulgaria) were established in 1988 at South Bay. Other base facilities are [Guillermo Mann] (or Shirreff Base, Chile) on Cape Shirreff, and [Cámara] (Argentina) on Half Moon Island.
Occasional field camps support research in remote areas of the Island, such as the Camp Academia site situated at elevation 541 m in upper Huron Glacier, Wörner Gap area that served as a base camp of the Tangra 2004/05 topographic survey. Camp Academia is accessible by 11-12.5 km routes from St. Kliment Ohridski and [Juan Carlos I] respectively, and offers convenient overland access to Tangra Mountains to the south; Bowles Ridge, Vidin Heights, Kaliakra Glacier and Saedinenie Snowfield areas to the north; Huron Glacier to the east; and Perunika Glacier and Huntress Glacier to the west. Camp Academia was named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contribution to the Antarctic exploration, and has been designated as the summer post office Tangra 1091 of the Bulgarian Posts Plc since 2004.
Tourism
See also
- St. Kliment Ohridski Base
- Camp Academia
- Antarctic Place-names Commission
- List of Bulgarian toponyms in Antarctica
- Tangra Mountains
- Tangra 2004/05
References
- L.L. Ivanov et al, [Antarctica: Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands] (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005
- Text authorized for publication in Wikipedia by the [Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria].
External links
- [70south - more information on the South Shetland Islands including Livinston Island]
- [Expedition Tangra 2004/05]
- [Spanish base Juan Carlos I]
- [Expedition Omega Livingston 2003]
- [Protected area Byers Peninsula]
- [Protected area Cape Shirreff]
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.