Lombardic language

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Lombardic or Langobardic is the extinct language of the Lombards (Langobardi), the Germanic speaking settlers in Italy in the 6th century. The language declined from the 7th century, but may have been in scattered use until as late as ca. AD 1000. The language is only preserved fragmentarily; in the absence of Lombardic texts, it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the language's morphology and syntax.

Phonologically, Lombardic is now classified as an early High German dialect. This is based on the evidence that Lombardic participated in, and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for, the High German consonant shift. The Historia Langobardorum of Paulus Diaconus mentions a duke Zaban of 574, showing /t/ shifted to /ts/. The term stolesazo (the second element is cognate with English seat) in the Edictum Rothari shows the same shift. Many names in the Lombard royal families show shifted consonants, particularly /p/ < /b/ in the following name components:

pert < bert: Aripert, Godepert
perg < berg: Perctarit, Gundperga (daughter of King Agilulf)
prand < brand: Ansprand, Liutprand

It has been suggested that the consonant shift may even have originated in Lombardic.^{[[Citing sources citation needed]]}

Formerly, Lombardic was classified as Ingaevonian (North Sea Germanic), but this classification is considered obsolete. The classification of Lombardic within the Germanic languages may be complicated by issues of orthography. According to Hutterer (1999) it is close to Old Saxon. According to Paulus Diaconus (8th century) and the Codex Gothanus (9th century), the Lombards were of Scandinavian origin ultimately, but they had settled at the Elbe before entering Italy, and Tacitus counts them among the Suebi.

Longbardic fragments are preserved in runic inscriptions, in latinized forms, and in transcriptions influenced by Old High German orthography. This Lombardic alphabet, as commonly transcribed, consists of the following graphemes:

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q(u), r, s, ʒ, t, þ, u, w, z

The qu represents a [kw] sound. The ʒ is [s], e.g. skauʒ [skaus] "womb". The z is [ts]. h is [h] word-initially, and [x] elsewhere.

Among the primary source texts are short inscriptions in the Elder Futhark, among them the "bronze capsule of Schretzheim" (ca. 600):

On the lid: arogisd

On the bottom: alaguþleuba : dedun

("Arogisl/-gast. Alaguth (and) Leuba made (it)"J.H. Looijenga, Runes Around The North Sea And On The Continent Ad 150-700, PhD diss. Groningen 1997, p. 158. [Download PDF], less likely "Arogis and Alaguth made love")

And also the two fibulae of Pallersdorf, Hungary (mid 6th century):

Fibula A: godahid unj[a]

Fibula B: (k?)arsiboda segun

("To Godahi(l)d, (with) sympathy (?), Arsiboda's bless"J.H. Looijenga, Runes Around The North Sea And On The Continent Ad 150-700, PhD diss. Groningen 1997, p. 134. [Download PDF])

There are a number of Latin texts which include Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular, including:

In 2005, there were claims that the inscription of the Pernik sword may be Lombardic.

Notes

External links

[Sources of Lombard history]

References

Adolf Bach, Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 8th edn, (Heidelberg 1961)
Claus Jürgen Hutterer, Die Germanischen Sprachen, Wiesbaden (1999), 336–341.
J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West 400-1100, 3rd edn (London 1969), Ch. 3, "Italy and the Lombards"

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