MIM-23 HAWK

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MIM-23 HAWK Missile
Technical Summary

A HAWK loading vehicle reloading a launching trailer
Manufacturer	Raytheon Corporation
Propulsion	Solid propellant rocket motor
Length	5.08 m (16 ft 8 in)
Diameter	0.37 m (14.5 in)
Wingspan	1.19 m (3 ft 11 in)
Weight ready to fire	1290 lb (584 kg)
Range	15 miles (25 km)
Ceiling	45,000 ft (13,700 m)
Speed	800m/s (Mach 2.4+)
Typical battery crew	2 officers, 49 enlisted
Guidance system	Semi-active radar homing
Warhead	54 kg (119 lb) blast fragmentation warhead
Firing modes:	Operator directed/automatic
Magazine capacity:	48 missiles/battery
Rate of fire:	1 missile every 3 seconds
Introduction date:	1962
Unit replacement cost	0,000 per missile million per fire unit million per battery

The Raytheon MIM-23 HAWK is an American medium range surface-to-air missile. HAWK is an acronym or possibly a backronym for Homing All the Way Killer. The HAWK was initially designed to destroy aircraft and was later adapted to destroy other missiles in flight. The missile entered service in 1960, and a program of extensive upgrades has kept it from becoming obsolete. It was superseded by the MIM-104 Patriot in US Army service by 1994. It was finally phased out of US service in 2002, the last users, the US Marine Corps replacing it with the man-portable FIM-92 Stinger. The missile was also produced outside the US in Western Europe and Japan.

It saw combat in a variety of wars, although it was never fired in anger by US forces. Approximately 40,000 of the missiles were produced.

Janes reports that the original systems single shot kill probability was 0.56, I-HAWK improved this to 0.85.

Development

Development of the HAWK missile system began in 1952, when the US Army began studies into a medium range semi-active radar homing surface to air missile. In July 1954 development contracts where awarded to Northrop for the launcher, radars and fire control systems, while Raytheon was awarded the contract for the missile. The first test launch of the missile then designated the XSAM-A-18 happened in June 1956. By July 1957 development was completed, by which time the designation had changed to XM3 and XM3E1. Very early missiles used the Aerojet M22E7 which was not reliable; the problems were resolved with the adoption of the M22E8 engine.

The missile was initially deployed by the US Army in 1959, and by the US Marine Corps in 1960.

The high complexity of the system, and the quantity of tube based electronics gave the radars in the early hawk systems a MTBF of only 43 hours. The improved HAWK system increased this to 130 to 170 hours. Later HAWK versions improved this further to between 300 and 400 hours.

Improved HAWK or I-HAWK The original HAWK system had problems engaging targets at low altitude - the missile would have problems picking the target out against ground clutter. The US army began a program to address these issues in 1964 — the HAWK Improvement Program (HAWK/HIP). This involved numerous upgrades to the Hawk system:

• A digital data processing central information coordinator for target processing, threat ordering, and intercept evaluation.
• An improved missile (MIM-23B) with a larger warhead, smaller and more powerful M112 motor, and improved guidance section.
• The PAR, CWAR, HPI, and ROR were replaced by upgraded variants (see #Radars).

The system entered service during 1972, the first unit reaching operational status by October. All US units were upgraded to I-HAWK standard by 1978.

Product Improvement Plan In 1973 the U.S. Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the numerous items of ground equipment.

• Phase I
• : Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded between 1979 and 1981.
• Phase II
• : Developed from 1978 and fielded between 1983 and 1986. upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/MPQ-57 standard by replacing some of the vacuum tube based electronics with modern solid-state circuits, and added an optical TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system that increases HAWK operability and survivability in a high-ECM environment.
• Phase III
• : The PIP Phase III development was started in 1983, and was first fielded by U.S. forces in 1989. Phase III was a major upgrade which significantly enhanced the computer hardware and software for most components of the system, a new CWAR the AN/MPQ-62, added single-scan target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to counter saturation attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The ROR was phased out in Phase III Hawk units.

HAWK Missile Restore Reliability (MRR)

This was a program that ran between 1982 and 1984 intended to improve missile reliability.

HAWK ECCM

Running alongside the MMR program, this produced ECCM to specific threats, probably contemporary Soviet ECM pods such as the SPS-141 fitted to the Su-22, which proved moderately effective during the Iran-Iraq War. The MIM-23C and E missiles contain these fixes.

Low clutter enhancements

Upgrades to the missile that takes it up to MIM-23G that enable the missile to deal with low flying targets in a high clutter environment. These were first deployed in 1990.

HAWK missile ILM (Improved lethality modification)

To improve the lethality of the warhead of the missile against ballistic missiles, the warhead was redesigned to produce fewer larger fragments, typically 35 grams each comparable to a 12.7 mm projectile in mass.

HAWK mobility and TMD upgrades

A HAWK mobility survivability enhancement programme has been developed following experience in the 1990 Gulf War. The aim of this programme was to reduce the number of support vehicles per battery and to increase survivability. Upgrades to the launcher allow missiles to be transported on the launcher itself, as well as replacing vacuum tubes with a single laptop computer. A north finding system speeds orientation and launcher alignment. A field wire replaces heavy cables and allows for greater dispersion amongst battery vehicles from 110 m to 2 km. The upgrades where deployed by the US Marine Corps between early 1995 and September 1996.

Phase IV

With both the Army and USMC abandoning the HAWK, phase IV was never completed. However it was planned to include:

* High mobility continuous wave acquisition radar to improve detection of small UAVs.

* A new CW engagement radar.

* Anti-radiation missile decoys.

* An improved missile motor.

* An upgraded electro-optical tracker.

* Improved command and control.

* ATBM upgrades.

HAWK XXI (HAWK 21)

The HAWK XXI or HAWK-21 is a more advanced, and more compact version of HAWK PIP-3 upgrade. HAWK-XXI basically eliminates the PAR and CWAR radars with the introduction of 3D MPQ-64 Sentinel radars. Norway's Kongsberg Company provides a FDC (Fire Distribution Center) as it is used in NASAM system in Norway. The missiles are upgraded MIM-23K standard with an improved blast-fragmentation warhead that creates a larger lethal zone. The system is also effective against short range tactical ballistic missiles.

A MPQ-61 HIPIR radar provides low altitude and local area radar coverage as well as continuous wave radar illumination for the MIM-23K Hawk missilles.

Description

The Hawk system consist of a large number of component elements. These elements where typically fitted on wheeled trailers making the system semi-mobile. During the system's 40-year life span, these components were continually upgraded.

The Hawk missile is transported and launched from the M192 towed triple-missile launcher. A self propelled Hawk launcher, the SP-HAWK, was fielded in 1969, which simply mounted the launcher on a tracked M727 (modified M548), however the project was dropped and all activity terminated in August 1971.

The missile is propelled by a dual thrust motor, with a boost phase and a sustain phase. The MIM-23A missiles were fitted with a M22E8 motor which burns for 25 to 32 seconds. The MIM-23B and later missiles are fitted with a M112 motor with a 5 second boost phase and a sustain phase of around 21 seconds. The M112 motor has greater thrust, thus increasing the engagement envelope.

The original MIM-23A missiles used a parabolic reflector, but the antenna directional focus was insufficient, when engaging low flying targets the missile would dive on them, only to lose them in the ground clutter. The MIM-23B I-HAWK missiles and later uses a low side lobe, high-gain plane antenna to reduce sensitivity to ground clutter in addition to an inverted receiver developed in the late 1960s to give the missile enhanced ECCM ability and to increase the Doppler frequency resolution.

A typical Basic Hawk battery consists of:

• 1 x PAR - Pulse Acquisition Radar - Search radar - 20 rpm rotation - for high/medium altitude target detection.
• 1 x CWAR - Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar - Search doppler radar - 20 rpm rotation - for low altitude target detection.
• 2 x HPI - High Power Illuminator doppler Radar - target tracking, illumination and missile guidance.
• 1 x ROR - Range Only Radar - K-band pulse radar provides range information when the other systems are jammed or unavailable.
• 1 x ICC - Information Coordination Central
• 1 x BCC - Battery Control Central
• 1 x AFCC - Assault Fire Command Console - miniature battery control central for remote control of one firing section of the battery. The AFCC controls one CWAR, one HPI, and three launchers with a total of nine missiles.
• 1 x PCP - Platoon Command Post
• 2 x LCS - Launcher Section Controls
• 6 x M-192 - Launchers with 18 missiles.
• 6 x SEA - Generators 56 kVA each.
• 12 x M-390 - Missile transport pallets with 36 missile
• 3 x M-501 - Missile loading tractors.
• 1 x Missile test shop.

Variants

Missiles

Type of Missile	Entered service	Tactical model	Training and Evaluation model
Prototype	1957	XM3 (XMIM-23A)	n/a
Basic HAWK	1959	(M3) MIM-23A	XM16/18 (XMTM-23B/C)
Basic I-HAWK	1971 to 1978	MIM-23B	XMEM-23B
Improved ECCM	1982	MIM-23C/D	MEM-23C
Low-level/ multi-jamming	1990	MIM-23E/F	MEM-23D
New body section	early 1990s	MIM-23G/H	MEM-23E
New warhead and fuzing (anti-TBM)	1995	MIM-23K/J	MEM-23F
New fuzing only, old warhead	1995	MIM-23L/M

The HAWK missile has a slender cylindrical body and four long cord clipped delta-wings, extending from mid-body to the slightly tapered boat-tail. Each wing has a trailing-edge control surface. The MIM-23A is 5.08 m long, has a body diameter of 0.37 m, a wing span of 1.21 m and weighs 584 kg at launch with a 54 kg HE blast/fragmentation warhead. It has a minimum engagement range of 2 km, a maximum range of 25 km, a minimum engagement altitude of 60 m and a maximum engagement altitude of 11,000 m. The MIM-23B to M versions are 5.03 m long, have a body diameter of 0.37 m and, with a larger warhead of 75 kg, weighing 638 kg at launch. An improved motor, with a total weight of 395 kg including 295 kg of propellant, increases the maximum range of the MIM-23B to M versions to 35 km and maximum engagement altitude to 18,000 m. The minimum range is reduced to 1.5 km. The MIM-23B has a peak velocity of around 500 m/s. The missile is fitted with both radio frequency proximity and impact fuses. The guidance system uses an X-band CW monopulse semi-active radar seeker. The missile can maneuver at 15 g.

Basic HAWK

• MIM-23A

The original missile used with the system. The 54 kg warhead produces approximately 4,000 eight gram fragments that move at approximately 2,000 m/s in an 18 degree arc. [link]

I-HAWK

• MIM-23B

The MIM-23B has a larger 74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation warhead, a smaller and improved guidance package, and a new M112 rocket motor. The new warhead produces approximately 14,000 two gram fragments that cover a much larger 70 degree arc. The missiles M112 rocket motor has a boost phase of 5 seconds and a sustain phase of 21 seconds. The motors total weight is 395 kg including 295 kg of propellant. This new motor improves the engagement envelope to 1.5 km to 40 km in range at high altitude, and 2.5 km to 20 km at low altitude, the minimum engagement altitude is 60 m. The missile was operational in 1971. All US units had converted to this standard by 1978.

• * MTM-23B training missile.
• * XMEM-23B Full telemetry version for testing and evaluation purposes.

Improved ECCM

• MIM-23C

Introduced around 1982 with improved ECCM capabilities.

• MIM-23D

Unknown upgrade to the MIM-23C. The C and D missile families remained separate until the missiles' exit from service. It's not clear exactly what the difference between the two missiles — however it seems likely that the D family missiles represent an alternative guidance system, possibly home on jam developed in response to Soviet ECM techniques that were used by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war.

Low level/multi jamming

• MIM-23E/F

An upgraded to the MIM-23C/D missiles improved guidance for low level engagements in a high clutter/multi-jamming environment. Introduced in 1990.

New body section

• MIM-23G/H

A 1995 upgrade consisting of a new body section assembly for the MIM-23E/F missiles.

New warhead + fuzing (anti-TBM)

• MIM-23K/J

Introduced around 1994. Enhanced lethality configuration warhead with 35 gram (540 grain) fragments instead of the I-Hawks 2 gram (30 grain) fragments. MIM-23K HAWK missiles are effective up to 20,000 m altitude and up to 45 km in range. The missile also includes a new fuze to make it effective against ballistic missiles.

New fuzing + old warhead

• MIM-23L/M

Retains the I-Hawks 30 grain warhead, but with the new fuze.

Radars

The original HAWK system used 4 radars to detect (PAR and CWAR), track (CWAR and HPI) and engage (HPI and ROR) targets. As the system was upgraded the functionality of some of the radars was merged. The final iteration of the system consists of only 2 radars, an enhanced phased array search radar and an engagement radar (HPI).

System	Basic Hawk 1959	Improved Hawk 1971	PIP Phase I 1979	PIP Phase II 1983 to 1986	PIP Phase III 1989	HAWK XXI
PAR	AN/MPQ-35	AN/MPQ-50				AN/MPQ-64
CWAR	AN/MPQ-34	AN/MPQ-48	AN/MPQ-55		AN/MPQ-62
HPI	AN/MPQ-33/39	AN/MPQ-46		AN/MPQ-57	AN/MPQ-61
ROR	AN/MPQ-37	AN/MPQ-51			none

PAR Pulse Acquisition Radar
The pulse acquisition radar is a long range, high altitude search radar.

• AN/MPQ-35 (Basic Hawk)

The search radar used with the basic HAWK system, with a radar pulse power of 450 kW and a pulse length of 3 µs, a Pulse Repetition Frequency of 800 and 667 Hz alternately. The radar operates in the 1.25 to 1.35 GHz range. The antenna is a 6.7 × 1.4 m elliptical reflector of open lattice construction, mounted on a small two-wheeled trailer. Rotation rate is 20 rpm, the BCC - Battery Control Central and the CWAR are syncronized by the PAR revolutions and the PAR system trigger.

• AN/MPQ-50 (Improved Hawk to Phase III)

Introduced with the I-HAWK system, the improved-PAR. The system introduces a digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator) that helps separate targets from ground clutter. It operates in the 500 to 1,000 MHz (C-band) frequency range with a peak operating power of 1,000 watts.

• Range (source Janes):
• * 104 km (high PRF) to 96 km (low PRF) versus 3 m² target.
• * 98 km (high PRF) to 90 km (low PRF) versus 2.4 m² target.
• * 79 km (high PRF) to 72 km (low PRF) versus 1 m² target.

• AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel (Hawk XXI)

A X-Band 3D range-gated doppler radar system used with the HAWK XXI system. It replaces both the CWAR and PAR components of the HAWK system. MPQ-64 Sentinel provides coverage out to a range of 75 km, rotating at 30 rpm. The system has a mean time between failure of around 600 hours, and can track at least 60 targets at once. It can elevate up to +55 degrees and depress to -10 degrees. [link]

CWAR Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar
This X Band Continuous wave system is used to illuminate targets The unit comes mounted on its own mobile trailer. The unit automatically acquires and tracks designated targets in azimuth elevation and range rate.

• AN/MPQ-34 (Basic Hawk)

MPQ-34 Hawk CW Acquisition radar with a power rating of 200 W and a frequency of 10 GHz (X-Band) Built by Raytheon. Replaced by MPQ-48.

• AN/MPQ-48 (Improved Hawk)

The Improved Hawk version of the CW acquisition radar doubled the output power and improved the detection ranges:

• Range (source Janes):
• * 69 km (CW) to 63 km (FM) versus 3 m² target.
• * 65 km (CW) to 60 km (FM) versus 2.4 m² target.
• * 52 km (CW) to 48 km (FM) versus 1 m² target.

• AN/MPQ-55 (Phase I - Phase II)

Hawk Improved Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar or ICWAR. The output power is doubled to 400W, this increases the detection range to around 70 km. The radar operates in the 10-20 GHz (J-band). Other features include FM ranging and BITE (Built in test equipment). Frequency modulation is applied to the broadcast on alternate scans of the ICWAR to obtain range information.

• AN/MPQ-62 (Phase III)

Some changes to the signal processing allow the radar to determine the targets' range and speed in a single scan. A digital DSP system is added which allows a lot of the processing work to be done on the radar directly and forwarded directly via a serial digital link to the PCP/BCP.

HPI High Power Illuminator
The early AN/MPQ-46 High Power Illuminator (HPI) radars had only the two large dish-type antennas side by side, one to transmit and one to receive. The HPI automatically acquires and tracks designated targets in azimuth, elevation and range. It also serves as an interface unit supplying azimuth and elevation launch angles computed by the Automatic Data Processor (ADP) in the Information Coordination Centre (ICC) for up to three launchers. The HPI J-band energy reflected from the target is also received by the HAWK missile. These returns are compared with the missile reference signal being transmitted directly to the missile by the HPI. Target tracking is continued throughout the missile's flight. After the missile intercepts the target the HPI Doppler data is used for kill evaluation. The HPI receives target designations from one or both surveillance radars via the Battery Control Centre (BCC) and automatically searches a given sector for a rapid target lock on. The HPI incorporates ECCM and BITE.

• AN/MPQ-33/39 (Basic Hawk)

This X Band CW System is used to illuminate targets in the Hawk Missile Battery. The unit comes mounted on its own mobile trailer. Unit automatically acquires and tracks designated targets in azimuth elevation and range rate. The system has an output power of around 125 W operating in the 10-10.25 GHz band. MPQ-39 was an upgraded version of the MPQ-33.

• AN/MPQ-46 (Improved Hawk - Phase I)

The radar operates in the 10-20 GHz (J-band) region. Many of the valve components in earlier radars are replaced with solid-state technology.

• Range (source Janes):
• * 99 km (high PRF) to 93 km (low PRF) versus 3 m² target.
• * 93 km (high PRF) to 89 km (low PRF) versus 2.4 m² target.
• * 75 km (high PRF) to 72 km (low PRF) versus 1 m² target.

• AN/MPQ-57 (Phase II)

The majority of the remaining tube electronics are upgraded to solid state. Also, an electro-optical tracking system, the daytime only OD-179/TVY TAS (Tracking Adjunct System) is added for operation in a high ECM environement. The TAS was developed from the US Air Forces TISEO (Target Identification System, Electro-Optical) by Northrop. It consists of a video camera with a x10 zoom lense. The I-TAS which was field tested in 1992 added an Infra Red capability for night operation as well as automatic target detection and tracking.

* HEOS Germany, Netherlands and Norway have modified their HAWK systems with an alternative IR acquisition and tracking system known as the HAWK Electro-Optical Sensor (HEOS) in place of the TAS. HEOS operates in the 8 to 11 µm band and is used to supplement the HPI to acquire and track targets before missile launch.

• AN/MPQ-61 (Phase III)

Upgraded with the addition of the LASHE (Low-Altitude Simutaneous Hawk Engagement) system, which allows the HAWK to engage multiple low level targets by employing a fan beam antenna to provide a wide-angle, low-altitude illumination pattern to allow multiple engagements against saturation raids. This antenna is rectangular. This allows up to 12 targets to be engaged at once. There is also TV/IR optic system for passive missile guidance.

ROR Range Only Radar
Pulse radar that automatically comes into operation if the CWAR radar cannot determine the range, typically because of jamming. The ROR is difficult to jam because it operates only briefly during the engagement, and only in the presence of jamming.

• AN/MPQ-37 (Basic Hawk)

AN/MPQ-51 (Improved Hawk - Phase II)

A Ku Band (Freq: 15.5-17.5 GHz) pulse radar, the power output was 120 kW. Pulse length 0.6 µs at a pulse repetition frequency of 1600 Hz. Antenna: 4 foot (1.22 m) dish.

• Range
• * 83 km versus 3 m² target.
• * 78 km versus 2.4 m² target.
• * 63 km versus 1 m² target.

Other variants

• Israeli modifications

The Israelis have upgraded the Phase 2 standard with the addition of a Super Eye electro-optical TV system for detection of aircraft at 30 to 40 km and identification at 17 to 25 km. They have also modified their system for engagements at altitudes up to 24,000 m.

• Sparrow HAWK

A composite system firing AIM-7 Sparrow missiles from a modified 8 round launcher. The system was demonstrated at the China lake weapons test site in 1985. There are currently no users of the system.

• HAWK AMRAAM

At "Safe Air 95" AMRAAM missiles were demonstrated being fired from a modified M192 missile launcher. The normal battery radar is used for the engagement, with the missile's own radar used for terminal homing. Raytheon and Kongsberg are offering this system as an upgrade to the existing HAWK system. This proposal is aimed particularly at HAWK operating countries that also have AIM-120 AMRAAM in their inventory. There are currently no users of the system.

• Iranian HAWK modifications

The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force is reported to have modified a number of MIM-23 HAWK missiles for carriage on F-14 Tomcat fighters in the air-to-air role. Iran has also modified its ground-based HAWK systems for carriage on a convoy of 8×8 wheeled vehicles and adapted the launchers to carry Standard RIM-66 or AGM-78 missiles with two Standard missiles per launcher.

• NOAH

Norway has developed its own HAWK upgrade scheme known as the Norwegian Adapted HAWK (NOAH) which involves the lease of I-HAWK launchers, HPI radars and missile loaders from the USA and their integration with Hughes (now Raytheon) Kongsberg Acquisition Radar and Control Systems. The NOAH system became operational in 1983.

• ACWAR

Future developments were expected to include the introduction of an Agile CW Acquisition Radar (ACWAR), which is an evolution of the HAWK CW radar technology. It would perform full 3-D target acquisition over a 360° azimuth sector and large elevation angles. The ACWAR programme was initiated to meet increasingly severe tactical air defence requirements and the equipment is being designed for operation of HAWK in the late 1990s and beyond. However, the ACWAR programme was terminated in 1993.

History

• 1962 October to November the Cuban Missile Crisis necessitates a request for a total of 304 missiles to be delivered at an average turnaround of 3 days per missile.
• 1965 February to March the United States Marine Corps gets interested in the HAWK, placing them at Da Nang and Hill 327, which was west of Da Nang airbase. This was both the first USMC deployment of the HAWK, and also the first deployment of the HAWK in Vietnam.
• 1965 March the first HAWK battalion was deployed to Israel.
• 1967 June 5 In an unusual incident an Israeli MIM-23A shot down a wounded Israeli Dassault MD.450 Ouragan that was in danger of crashing into the Negev Nuclear Research Center near Dimona, the first combat firing of the HAWK.

• 1969 March 21, the first combat kill attributed to the HAWK system. Before noon, a new HAWK battery, which was deployed at Baluza, north of the town of Kantara in the Sinai region detected an Egyptian MiG-21 aircraft which took off from Port-said airport. The controller, Yair Tamir, tracked the aircraft on the radar, in its flight from north to south along the Suez canal, and when the MiG-21 broke to a course heading towards the HAWK battery, a missile was launched at it, which successfully destroyed the aircraft while it was flying at an altitude of 6,700 m. [link]. During the War of Attrition, HAWK batteries had shot down between 8 and 12 aircraft [link]; Janes reports 8 kills as 1 Il-28, 4 Su-7, 4 MiG-17 and 3 MiG-21.
• 1972 May, Improved HAWK support equipment was first deployed to Germany.
• 1973 October Yom Kippur war 75 Israeli missiles were fired killing between 12 and 24 aircraft and one oil well on fire in Abu-Rodes oil field.
• 1977 Conversion of Basic Hawk to Improved Hawk was completed by all US Army units in Europe and Korea by the end of the year.
• 1980s
• * Kuwait, 1 kill of an Iranian F-5 during the Iran-Iraq War.
• * Iran, at least 40 Iraqi aircraft destroyed during the Iran-Iraq War.
• 1982 August 31, Israel shot down a Syrian Air Force MiG-25R Foxbat-B photo-reconnaissance aircraft flying at M2.5 on a high level 21,336 m plus sortie near Jounié, north of Beirut.
• 1985 March DA and the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) approved the development of an anti-tactical missile (ATM) mission for HAWK.
• 1987 September 7, French forces in Chad, shoot down a Tu-22B on a bombing mission with a MIM-23B.
• 1990 August 2, HAWK missiles defending Kuwait against the Iraqi invasion in August 1990 are reported to have shot down seven aircraft and one helicopter with 12 missiles launched. 14 Mi-8 and Mi-25 helicopters [link] Kuwait several reports of engagements of invading Iraqi force. Difficult to confirm. Iraqis captured four or five Kuwaiti HAWK batteries.

• A SAFE AIR demonstration was conducted at WSMR to display the effectiveness and versatility of several existing and new United States Army weapon systems in providing air and surface defense. Emphasis was placed on defeating cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The HAWK system successfully engaged two surrogate cruise missiles, one UAV, and one fixed wing drone.

• The United States Marine Corps successfully tested its HAWK Mobility and theater missile defense (TMD) software upgrades at White Sands Missile Range. HAWK acquired the three LANCE targets, two of which were successfully engaged and destroyed. This was the first time the entire USMC ATBM system had been tested.

Users

Albania, Bahrain, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, USA and UAE.

Phase II Indonesia. Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and USA have implemented Phase 1 and Phase 2 improvements.

Phase III Egypt, Greece, Israel, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the US Marine Corps, and UAE.

External links

• [Designation-Systems.net Article on the hawk]
• http://www.madracki.com/usarmyhawk/generalorders.html
• [FAS.org page on the HAWK system.]
• [HAWK page in Russian.]
• [Israeli use of the HAWK system. In Russian.]

References

• Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 2005-2006, ISBN 0710626975

 

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