Manchu Language
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The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. However, there are about 40,000 speakers of Sibe (Xibo), which is in almost every respect identical to classical Manchu. However, Sibe speakers, who live in far western Xinjiang, are ethnically distinct from Manchus and lay claim as well to the distinctiveness of their language.
It is an agglutinizing language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony, and it has been demonstrated that it is derived in the main from the Jurchen language though there are many loan words from Mongolian and Chinese. Its script is vertically written and taken from the Mongolian alphabet (which in turn derives from Aramaic via Uyghur and Sogdian).
Writing system
The Manchu language uses the Manchu script, which was derived from the Mongol script. For more information, see Manchu alphabet.
History and significance
Historically, the Manchu language is important in that some Europeans were exposed to and familiar with Manchu before they encountered the Chinese language. Manchu began as the primary language of the Qing dynasty Imperial court, but by the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. Nevertheless, until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911, all Imperial documents were drafted in both Manchu and Chinese. Today written Manchu can still be seen in Qing dynasty architecture such as the Forbidden City whose historical signs are written in both Manchu and Chinese characters, and Manchu records are important in the study of Qing-era China.
Very few native Manchu speakers remain; in what used to be Manchuria virtually no one speaks the language with the entire area having been completely sinicized. In fact, the modern custodians of the language are actually the Sibe who live near the Ili valley in Xinjiang and were moved there by Qianlong Emperor in 1764. Modern Sibe is very close to Manchu, although there are a few slight differences in writing and pronunciation; however, the Sibe consider themselves to be separate from the Manchus.
Grammar
As mentioned above Manchu is an agglutinative language, and its basic sentence structure is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV).Manchu Nouns
Nouns in Manchu have a number of cases which are determined by suffixes: Basic cases
- nominative - used for the subject of a sentence, it is marked by a zero suffix.
- accusative - used for the direct object of a sentence, it is marked by the suffix -be.
- genitive - used to indicate possession and means by which something is accomplished, it is marked by the suffix -i or the particle ni if coming after a word ending in -ng. For instance, wangni moo (the king's tree).
- dative-locative - used to indicate location, time or place, or indirect object, it is marked by the suffix -de.
- allative - used to indicate an action reaching a location, time or place, or indirect object, it is marked by the suffix -de.
- ablative - used to indicate the origin of an action or in a comparison, it is marked by the suffix -ci.
- instrumental - used to indicate how/with what to do something.
- initiative - used to indicate the starting point of an action. suffix - deri
- terminative - used to indicate the ending point of an action. suffix - tala/tele/tolo
- indef. allative - used to indicate 'to a place, to a situation' when it is unknown whether the action reaches exactly to the place/situation or around/near it. suffix - si
- indef. locative - used to indicate 'at a place, in a situation' when it is unknown whether the action happens exactly at the place/situation or around/near it. suffix - la/le/lo
- indef. ablative - used to indicate 'from a place, from a situation' when it is unknown whether the action is really from the exact place/situation or around/near it. suffix - tin
- distributive - used to indicate every one of something. suffix - dari
- formal - used to indicate a simile ("as/like"). suffix - gese
- identical - used to indicate that something is the same as something else, a case from the word 'adali(same)'. suffix ali/eli/oli
- orientative - used to indicate "facing/toward" (something/an action), showing only position and tendency, not movement in. suffix - ru
- revertive - used to indicate "backward" or "against (something)". From the root 'ca' (see cargi, coro cashu-n etc.) suffix - ca/ce/co
- translative - used to indicate change in the quality/form of sth. suffix - ri
- in. accusative - used to indicate that the touch of the verb on the object is not surely complete. suffix - a/e/o/ya/ye/yo
External links
- [Manchu language on Ethnologue]
- [Manchu script generator (Romanization --> Manchu script (also for download))]
- [A Manchu language study blog run by Baktan]
- [A Manchu language website in English]
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