Mandala 10

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The tenth Mandala of the Rigveda has 191 hymns. Together with Mandala 1, it forms the latest part of the Rigveda, containing much mythological material, including the Purusha sukta (10.90) and the dialogue of Sarama with the Panis (10.108). The subjects of the hymns cover a wider spectrum than in the other books, dedicated not only to deities or natural phenomena, including deities that are not prominent enough to receive their own hymns in the other books (Nirrti 10.59, Asamati 10.60, Ratri 10.127, Aranyani 10.146, Indrani 10.159) , but also to objects like dice (10.34), herbs (10.97), press-stones (for Soma, 10.94, 175) and abstract concepts like liberality (towards the rishi, 10.117), creation (10.129, 130, 190), knowledge (10.71), speech, spirit (10.58), faith (10.151), a charm against evil dreams (10.164).

10.13 Havirdhanas

10.15, dedicated to the forefathers, contains a reference to the emerging rite of cremation in verse 14, where ancestors "both cremated (agnidagdhá-) and uncremated (ánagnidagdha-)" are invoked.

10.47 to 50 are to Indra Vaikuntha, "Indra son of Vikuntha". Vikuntha was an Asuri whom Indra had allowed to become his second mother. The rishi of 10.47 is called Saptagu, while that of 10.48-50 is likewise called Indra Vaikuntha.

10.75 is the Nadistuti sukta, containing a list of Rigvedic rivers important for the reconstruction of the geography of the Rigveda.

10.81, 82 Vishvakarma

10.83, 84 Manyu

10.85 is a marriage hymn, evoking the marriage of Suryā, daughter of Surya (the Sun), another form of Ushas, the prototypical bride.

10.90 is the Purusha sukta

10.95 Urvasi, Pururavas

10.107 is to Daksina, the deification of the payment or guerdon given by the sacrificers to the rishis.

10.108 is the dialogue of Indra's bitch Sarama with the Panis

10.121 is another hymn dealing with creation, containing elements of monotheism. It has a recurring pada "what God shall we adore with our oblation?", in verse 1 named Hiranyagarbha "golden fetus", a Rigvedic hapax legomenon, later a name of Brahma, in verse 10 addressed as Prajapati.

10.123 is to Vena, the "loving Sun" of RV 1.85.5

10.129 and 130 are creation hymns, probably the best known Rigvedic hymns in the west, especially 10.129.7:

He, the first origin of this creation, whether he formed it all or did not form it, / Whose eye controls this world in highest heaven, he verily knows it, or perhaps he knows not. (Griffith)

These hymns exhibit a level of philosophical speculation very atypical of the Rig-Veda, which for the most part is occupied with ritualistic invocation.

10.136 Kesins

10.145 is attributed to Indrani. It is a spell for a jelous wife to get rid of more favoured rival. Untypical of the Rigveda, similar spells are found in the Atharvaveda.

10.154 is a funeral hymn, asking for that the departed may join those who attained heaven through tapas. Padas 1cd is reminiscent of the Norse concept of Valhalla:

To those for whom the meath flows forth, even to those let him depart. (Griffith)

10.155 is against the "one-eyed limping hag" Arayi.

10.166, attributed to Anila, is a spell for the descruction of rivals, similar to 10.145, but this time to be uttered by men who want to be rid of male rivals.

10.173 and 174 are benedictions of a newly elected king.

10.177 Mayabheda

10.178 is addressed to Tarksya, a personification of the Sun, described as a divine horse.

10.183, attributed to Prajavan, is a dialogue between the sacrificer and his wife.

List of incipits

The dedication as given by Griffith is in square brackets

10.1 (827) [ Agni.] ágre bṛhánn uṣásām ūrdhvó asthān
10.2 (828) [Agni.] piprīhí devâṁ uśató yaviṣṭha
10.3 (829) [Agni.] inó rājann ? aratíḥ sámiddho
10.4 (830) [Agni.] prá te yakṣi prá ta iyarmi mánma
10.5 (831) [Agni.] ékaḥ samudró dharúṇo rayīṇâm
10.6 (832) [Agni.] ayáṃ sá yásya śármann ávobhir
10.7 (833) [Agni.] suastí no divó agne pṛthivyâ
10.8 (834) [Agni.] prá ketúnā bṛhatâ yāti agnír
10.9 (835) [ Waters.] âpo hí ṣṭhâ mayobhúvas
10.10 (836) [ Yama Yami.] ó cit sákhāyaṃ sakhiyâ vavṛtyāṃ
10.11 (837) [Agni.] vŕṣā vŕṣṇe duduhe dóhasā diváḥ
10.12 (838) [Agni.] dyâvā ha kṣâmā prathamé ṛténa
10.13 (839) [ Havirdhanas.] yujé vām bráhma pūrviyáṃ námobhir
10.14 (840) [Yama.] pareyivâṃsam praváto mahîr ánu
10.15 (841) [Fathers.] úd īratām ávara út párāsa
10.16 (842) [Agni.] maínam agne ví daho mâbhí śoco
10.17 (843) [Various Deities.] tváṣṭā duhitré vahatúṃ kṛṇoti
10.18 (844) [Various Deities.] páram mṛtyo ánu párehi pánthāṃ
10.19 (845) [Waters or Cows.] ní vartadhvam mânu gāta
10.20 (846) [Agni.] bhadráṃ no ápi vātaya mánaḥ
10.21 (847) [Agni.] â agníṃ ná svávṛktibhir
10.22 (848) [ Indra.] kúha śrutá índaraḥ kásmin adyá
10.23 (849) [Indra.] yájāmaha índaraṃ vájradakṣiṇaṃ
10.24 (850) [Indra. Asvins.] índra sómam imám piba
10.25 (851) [ Soma.] bhadráṃ no ápi vātaya
10.26 (852) [ Pusan.] prá hí áchā manīṣâ
10.27 (853) [Indra.] ásat sú me jaritaḥ sâbhivegó
10.28 (854) [Indra. Vasukra.] víśvo hí anyó arír ājagâma
10.29 (855) [Indra.] váne ná vā yó ní adhāyi cākáñ
10.30 (856) [Waters.] prá devatrâ bráhmaṇe gātúr etu
10.31 (857) [ Visvedevas.] â no devânām úpa vetu śáṃso
10.32 (858) [Indra.] prá sú gmántā dhiyasānásya sakṣáṇi
10.33 (859) [Various Deities.] prá mā yuyujre prayújo jánānāṃ
10.34 (860) [Dice, Etc.] prāvepâ mā bṛható mādayanti
10.35 (861) [Visvedevas.] ábudhram u tyá índravanto agnáyo
10.36 (862) [Visvedevas.] uṣâsānáktā bṛhatî supéśasā
10.37 (863) [ Surya.] námo mitrásya váruṇasya cákṣase
10.38 (864) [Indra.] asmín na indra pṛtsutaú yáśasvati
10.39 (865) [Asvins.] yó vām párijmā suvŕd aśvinā rátho
10.40 (866) [Asvins.] ráthaṃ y~ântaṃ kúha kó ha vāṃ narā
10.41 (867) [Asvins.] samānám u tyám puruhūtám ukthíyaṃ
10.42 (868) [Indra.] ásteva sú prataráṃ lâyam ásyan
10.43 (869) [Indra.] áchā ma índram matáyaḥ suvarvídaḥ
10.44 (870) [Indra.] â yātu índraḥ svápatir mádāya
10.45 (871) [Agni.] divás pári prathamáṃ jajñe agnír
10.46 (872) [Agni.] prá hótā jātó mahân nabhovín
10.47 (873) [Indra Vaikuntha.] jagṛbhmâ te dákṣiṇam indra hástaṃ
10.48 (874) [Indra Vaikuntha.] ahám bhuvaṃ vásunaḥ pūrviyás pátir
10.49 (875) [Indra Vaikuntha.] aháṃ d~āṃ gṛṇaté pûrviyaṃ vásu
10.50 (876) [Indra Vaikuntha.] prá vo mahé mándamānāya ándhaso
10.51 (877) [Agni. Gods.] mahát tád úlbaṃ stháviraṃ tád āsīd
10.52 (878) [Gods.] víśve devāḥ śāstána mā yáthehá
10.53 (879) [Agni Saucika Gods.] yám aíchāma mánasā só 'yám âgād
10.54 (880) [Indra.] tâṃ sú te kīrtím maghavan mahitvâ
10.55 (881) [Indra.] dūré tán nâma gúhiyam parācaír
10.56 (882) [Visvedevas.] idáṃ ta ékam pará ū ta ékaṃ
10.57 (883) [Visvedevas.] mâ prá gāma pathó vayám
10.58 (884) [ Manas or Spirit.] yát te yamáṃ vaivasvatám
10.59 (885) [ Nirrti and Others.] prá tāri âyuḥ prataráṃ návīya
10.60 (886) [ Asamati and Others.] â jánaṃ tveṣásaṃdṛśam
10.61 (887) [Visvedevas.] idám itthâ raúdaraṃ gūrtávacā
10.62 (888) [Visvedevas, Etc.] yé yajñéna dákṣiṇayā sámaktā
10.63 (889) [Visvedevas.] parāváto yé dídhiṣanta âpiyam
10.64 (890) [Visvedevas.] kathâ devânāṃ katamásya yâmani
10.65 (891) [Visvedevas.] agnír índro váruṇo mitró aryamâ
10.66 (892) [Visvedevas.] devân huve bṛhácchravasaḥ suastáye
10.67 (893) [ Brhaspati.] imâṃ dhíyaṃ saptáśīrṣṇīm pitâ na
10.68 (894) [Brhaspati.] udaprúto ná váyo rákṣamāṇā
10.69 (895) [Agni.] bhadrâ agnér vadhriaśvásya saṃdŕśo
10.70 (896) [ Apris.] imâm me agne samídhaṃ juṣasva
10.71 (897) [ Jnanam.] bŕhaspate prathamáṃ vācó ágraṃ
10.72 (898) [The Gods.] devânāṃ nú vayáṃ jânā
10.73 (899) [Indra.] jániṣṭhā ugráḥ sáhase turâya
10.74 (900) [Indra.] vásūn~āṃ vā carkṛṣe íyakṣan
10.75 (901) [ The Rivers.] prá sú va āpo mahimânam uttamáṃ (the Nadistuti sukta)
10.76 (902) [Press-stones.] â va ṛñjasa ūrj~âṃ víuṣṭiṣu
10.77 (903) [ Maruts.] abhraprúṣo ná vācâ pruṣā vásu
10.78 (904) [Maruts.] víprāso ná mánmabhiḥ suādhíyo
10.79 (905) [Agni.] ápaśyam asya maható mahitvám
10.80 (906) [Agni.] agníḥ sáptiṃ vājambharáṃ dadāti
10.81 (907) [ Visvakarman.] yá imâ víśvā bhúvanāni júhvad
10.82 (908) [Visvakarman.] cákṣuṣaḥ pitâ mánasā hí dhîro
10.83 (909) [ Manyu.] yás te manyo ávidhad vajra sāyaka
10.84 (910) [Manyu.] tváyā manyo sarátham ārujánto
10.85 (911) [Surya's Bridal.] satyénóttabhitā bhûmiḥ
10.86 (912) [Indra.] ví hí sótor ásṛkṣata
10.87 (913) [Agni.] rakṣoháṇaṃ vājínam â jigharmi
10.88 (914) [Agni.] havíṣ p~ântam ajáraṃ suvarvídi
10.89 (915) [Indra.] índraṃ stavā nŕtamaṃ yásya mahnâ
10.90 (916) [ Purusa.] sahásraśīrṣā púruṣaḥ (the Purusha sukta)
10.91 (917) [Agni.] sáṃ jāgṛvádbhir járamāṇa idhyate
10.92 (918) [Visvedevas.] yajñásya vo rathíyaṃ viśpátiṃ viśâṃ
10.93 (919) [Visvedevas.] máhi dyāvāpṛthivī bhūtam urvî
10.94 (920) [Press-stones.] praíté vadantu prá vayáṃ vadāma
10.95 (921) [ Urvasi. Pururavas.] hayé jâye mánasā tíṣṭha ghore
10.96 (922) [Indra.] prá te mahé vidáthe śaṃsiṣaṃ hárī
10.97 (923) [Praise of Herbs.] yâ óṣadhīḥ pûrvā jātâ
10.98 (924) [The Gods.] bŕhaspate práti me devátām ihi
10.99 (925) [Indra.] káṃ naś citrám iṣaṇyasi cikitvân
10.100 (926) [Visvedevas.] índra dŕhya maghavan tvâvad íd bhujá
10.101 (927) [Visvedevas.] úd budhyadhvaṃ sámanasaḥ sakhāyaḥ
10.102 (928) [Indra.] prá te rátham mithūkŕtam
10.103 (929) [Indra.] āśúḥ śíśāno vṛṣabhó ná bhīmó
10.104 (930) [Indra.] ásāvi sómaḥ puruhūta túbhyaṃ
10.105 (931) [Indra.] kadâ vaso ? stotráṃ háryate
10.106 (932) ubhâ u nūnáṃ tád íd arthayethe
10.107 (933) [ Daksina.] āvír abhūn máhi mâghonam eṣāṃ
10.108 (934) [ Sarama. Panis.] kím ichántī sarámā prédám ānaḍ
10.109 (935) [Visvedevas.] té avadan prathamâ brahmakilbiṣé
10.110 (936) [Apris.] sámiddho adyá mánuṣo duroṇé
10.111 (937) [Indra.] mánīṣiṇaḥ prá bharadhvam manīṣâṃ
10.112 (938) [Indra.] índra píba pratikāmáṃ sutásya
10.113 (939) [Indra.] tám asya dyâvāpṛthivî sácetasā
10.114 (940) [Visvedevas.] gharmâ sámantā trivŕtaṃ ví āpatus
10.115 (941) [Agni.] citrá íc chíśos táruṇasya vakṣátho
10.116 (942) [Indra.] píbā sómam mahatá indriyâya
10.117 (943) [Liberality.] ná vâ u devâḥ kṣúdham íd vadháṃ dadur
10.118 (944) [Agni.] ágne háṃsi ní atríṇaṃ
10.119 (945) [Indra.] íti vâ íti me máno
10.120 (946) [Indra.] tád íd āsa bhúvaneṣu jyáyiṣṭhaṃ
10.121 (947) [ Ka.] hiraṇyagarbháḥ sám avartatâgre
10.122 (948) [Agni.] vásuṃ ná citrámahasaṃ gṛṇīṣe
10.123 (949) [ Vena.] ayáṃ venáś codayat pŕśnigarbhā
10.124 (950) [Agni, Etc.] imáṃ no agna úpa yajñám éhi
10.125 (951) [ Vak.] aháṃ rudrébhir vásubhiś carāmi
10.126 (952) [Visvedevas.] ná tám áṃho ná duritáṃ
10.127 (953) [ Night.] râtrī ví akhyad āyatî
10.128 (954) [Visvedevas.] mámāgne várco vihavéṣu astu
10.129 (955) [Creation.] nâsad āsīn nó sád āsīt tadânīṃ
10.130 (956) [Creation.] yó yajñó ? viśvátas tántubhis tatá
10.131 (957) [Indra.] ápa prâca indra víśvāṁ amítrān
10.132 (958) [ Mitra. Varuna.] ījānám íd diyaúr gūrtâvasur
10.133 (959) [Indra.] pró ṣú asmai purorathám
10.134 (960) [Indra.] ubhé yád indra ródasī
10.135 (961) [Yama.] yásmin vṛkṣé supalāśé
10.136 (962) [ Kesins.] keśî agníṃ keśî viṣáṃ
10.137 (963) [Visvedevas.] utá devā ávahitaṃ
10.138 (964) [Indra.] táva tyá indra sakhiyéṣu váhnaya
10.139 (965) [ Savitar.] sûryaraśmir hárikeśaḥ purástāt
10.140 (966) [Agni.] ágne táva śrávo váyo
10.141 (967) [Visvedevas.] ágne áchā vadehá naḥ
10.142 (968) [Agni.] ayám agne jaritâ tvé abhūd ápi
10.143 (969) [Asvins.] tyáṃ cid átrim ṛtajúram
10.144 (970) [Indra.] ayáṃ hí te ámartiya
10.145 (971) [ Sapatnibadhanam.] imâṃ khanāmi óṣadhiṃ
10.146 (972) [ Aranyani.] áraṇyāni áraṇyāni
10.147 (973) [Indra.] śrát te dadhāmi prathamâya manyáve
10.148 (974) [Indra.] suṣvāṇâsa indara stumási tvā
10.149 (975) [Savitar.] savitâ yantraíḥ pṛthivîm aramṇād
10.150 (976) [Agni.] sámiddhaś cit sám idhyase
10.151 (977) [Faith.] śraddháyāgníḥ sám idhyate
10.152 (978) [Indra.] śāsá itthâ mahâṁ asi
10.153 (979) [Indra.] īṅkháyantīr apasyúva
10.154 (980) [New Life.] sóma ékebhyaḥ pavate
10.155 (981) [Various.] árāyi kâṇe víkaṭe
10.156 (982) [Agni.] agníṃ hinvantu no dhíyaḥ
10.157 (983) [Visvedevas.] imâ nú kam bhúvanā sīṣadhāma
10.158 (984) [Surya.] sûriyo no divás pātu
10.159 (985) [ Saci Paulomi.] úd asaú sûriyo agād
10.160 (986) [Indra.] tīvrásyābhívayaso asyá pāhi
10.161 (987) [Indra.] muñcâmi tvā havíṣā jîvanāya kám
10.162 (988)  bráhmaṇāgníḥ saṃvidānó
10.163 (989)  akṣîbhyāṃ te nâsikābhyāṃ
10.164 (990) [Dream-charm.] ápehi manasas pate
10.165 (991) [Visvedevas.] dévāḥ kapóta iṣitó yád ichán
10.166 (992) [ Sapatnanasanam.] ṛṣabhám mā samānânāṃ
10.167 (993) [Indra.] túbhyedám indra pári ṣicyate mádhu
10.168 (994) [ Vayu.] vâtasya nú mahimânaṃ ráthasya
10.169 (995) [Cows.] mayobhûr vâto abhí vātu usrâ
10.170 (996) [Surya.] vibhrâḍ bṛhát pibatu somiyám mádhu
10.171 (997) [Indra.] tuváṃ tyám iṭáto rátham
10.172 (998) [ Dawn.] â yāhi vánasā sahá
10.173 (999) [The King.] â tvāhārṣam antár edhi
10.174 (1000) [The King.] abhīvarténa havíṣā
10.175 (1001) [Press-stones.] prá vo grāvāṇaḥ savitâ
10.176 (1002) [Agni.] prá sūnáva ṛbhūṇ~âm
10.177 (1003) [ Mayabheda.] pataṃgám aktám ásurasya māyáyā
10.178 (1004) [ Tarksya.] tiyám ū ṣú vājínaṃ devájūtaṃ
10.179 (1005) [Indra.] út tiṣṭhatâva paśyata
10.180 (1006) [Indra.] prá sasāhiṣe puruhūta śátrūñ
10.181 (1007) [Visvedevas.] práthaś ca yásya sapráthaś ca nâma
10.182 (1008) [Brhaspati.] bŕhaspátir nayatu durgáhā tiráḥ
10.183 (1009) [The Sacrificer, Etc.] ápaśyaṃ tvā mánasā cékitānaṃ
10.184 (1010) [.] víṣṇur yóniṃ kalpayatu
10.185 (1011) [ Aditi.] máhi trīṇâm ávo astu
10.186 (1012) [Vayu.] vâta â vātu bheṣajáṃ
10.187 (1013) [Agni.] prâgnáye vâcam īraya
10.188 (1014) [Agni.] prá nūnáṃ jātávedasam
10.189 (1015) [Surya.] âyáṃ gaúḥ pŕśnir akramīd
10.190 (1016) [Creation.] ṛtáṃ ca satyáṃ cābhiìddhāt
10.191 (1017) [Agni.] sáṃ-sam íd yuvase vṛṣann

The Rigveda (Mandalas: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Deities: (Devas) Agni, Indra, Soma, Ushas | (Asuras) Mitra, Varuna, Vrtra | Vishvadevas, Maruts, Ashvins

Rivers: Sapta Sindhu; Nadistuti; Sarasvati, Sindhu, Sarayu, Rasā

Rishis: Saptarishi; Gritsamada, Vishvamitra, Vamadeva, Atri, Angiras, Bharadvaja, Vasishta

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