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Marshal of France

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The Marshal of France (maréchal de France) was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France. The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by Philippe Auguste for Albéric Clément (circa 1190). It later became a distinction and takes precedence over the Constable of France, which was originally an office higher than Marshal. Up to 1791, there were 256 Marshals of France. The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793.


During the First French Empire, Marshals were known as Marshals of the Empire. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France and Napoléon III kept that designation. Four Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal-General: Turenne, Villars, Saxe and Soult.


In contemporary France, marshal is a military distinction, not a military rank, and is granted to generals for exceptional achievements. Its symbol, the marshal's baton, is a blue cylinder with stars (formerly fleurs-de-lis).


Philippe Pétain, awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in the First World War, retained his title even after his trial and imprisonment and after he was stripped of other positions and titles.


The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Pierre Juin, promoted 1952, who died in 1967. 



Contents





Marshals of France


Capetiens


Six Marshals under 

  • Albéric Clément, (died 1191), first Marshal of France in 1190
  • Guillaume de Bournel, (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192
  • Nivelon d'Arras, (died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202
  • Henry I Clément, called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (1170 - 1214), Marshal of France in 1204
  • Jean III Clément, Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214
  • Guillaume de la Tournelle, (?-?), Marshal of France in 1220
Eight Marshals under 

Four Marshals under 

  • Ferry de Verneuil, (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1272
  • Guillaume V du Bec Crespin, (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1283
  • Jean II d'Harcourt, Viscount of Châtellerault, Lord of Harcourt, (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1283
  • Raoul V Le Flamenc, (died 1287), Marshal of France in 1285
Six Marshals under 

  • Jean de Varennes, (died 1292), Marshal of France in 1288
  • Simon de Melun, Lord of La Loupe and of Marcheville (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1290
  • Guy Ier de Clermont de Nesle, (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1292
  • Foulques du Merle, called Foucaud, (died 1314), Marshal of France in 1302
  • Miles VI de Noyers, (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1302
  • Jean de Corbeil, Lord of Grez (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1308
One Marshal under 

Three Marshals under 

One Marshal under 


Valois


Five Marshals under 

  • Anseau de Joinville, (1265 - 1343), Marshal of France in 1339
  • Charles de Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency (1325 - 1381), Marshal of France in 1344
  • Robert de Waurin, Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344
  • Guy II de Nesle, Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345
  • Édouard de Beaujeu, (1316 - 1351), Lord of Châteauneuf, Marshal of France in 1347


Four Marshals under 

  • Arnoul d'Audrehem, Lord of Audrehem (died 1370), Marshal of France in 1351
  • Rogues de Hangest, Lord of Avesnecourt (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1352
  • Jean de Clermont, Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont (died 1356), Marshal of France in 1352
  • Jean I Le Maingre called Boucicaut, nicknamed The Brave (1310– 1367), Marshal of France in 1356


Two Marshals under 

Nine Marshals under 

  • Jean II Le Meingre called Boucicaut, (1364 - 1421), Marshal of France in 1391
  • Jean II de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1342 - 1417), Marshal of France in 1397
  • Pierre de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1389 - 1439), Marshal of France in 1417
  • Claude de Beauvoir, Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon (1385 - 1453), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, (1384 - 1437), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Jacques de Montberon, Lord of Engoumois (died 1422), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Gilbert Motier de La Fayette, (1396 - 1464), Marshal of France in 1421
  • Antoine de Vergy, (died 1439), Marshal of France in 1422
  • Jean de La Baume, Count of Montrevel-en-Bresse (died 1435), Marshal of France in 1422
Six Marshals under 


Four Marshals under 

Two Marshals under Charles VIII, 1483-1498


Valois-Orléans


Four Marshals under 


Valois-Angoulême


Twelve Marshals under 


Five Marshals created by 

One Marshal created by 

Five Marshals under Charles IX, de 1560 à 1574



Seven Marshals under 


Bourbons


Eleven Marshals created by 


Thirty-four Marshals created by 


Fifty-one Marshals created by 


Thirty-four Marshals under 


Twenty Marshals named by 



Twenty-six Marshals under Napoleon I, 1804 - 1814 

The names of a great proportion of these have been given to successive stretches of a circular avenue encircling Paris, thus nicknamed Boulevard des Maréchaux ("The Marshals' Boulevard").



The 
Six Marshals named under Louis XVIII, from 1815 - 1824

Three Marshals under Charles X, from 1824 - 1830 



Ten Marshals under Louis-Philippe I 1830 - 1848


The 
Seven Marshals under Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, President of the Republic, 1848-1852


The 
Twelve Marshals under Napoleon III, Emperor from 1852 to 1870

The 
Three Marshals under Raymond Poincaré, 1913 - 1920

Five Marshals under Alexandre Millerand, 1920 - 1924


The 
Three Marshals under Vincent Auriol, 1947-1954

The 
One Marshal under François Mitterrand, 1981 - 1995




















 




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