Menhir
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A menhir is a large, single upright standing stone (monolith or megalith), of prehistoric European origin.
The word menhir was adopted, via French, by 19th century archaeologists on the basis of words in the Breton language meaning "long stone" (compare Modern Welsh: maen hir = long stone). In modern Breton the word peulvan is used.
The largest surviving menhir is at Locmariaquer, Brittany, the Grand Menhir Brisé ("Great Broken Menhir") which was once about 20 meters high. It lies broken in four pieces but would have weighed around 330 tons when intact and is thought to be the heaviest object ever moved by humans without powered machinery. In other areas, standing stones were systematically toppled by Christians: of the many former standing menhirs of northern Germany, scarcely one stands today. Alignments of menhirs are also known, the most famous being the Carnac stones in Brittany, where more than 3000 menhirs are arranged in three groups and arrayed in rows stretching for several kilometres.
The second largest concentration of menhirs in France is the Cham des Bondons on a high open limestone plain in the granitic Cévennes, a site now protected in the Parc National des Cévennes. From the time pastoralism was established, the site was kept open by controlled burning and grazing [link]. The site natural features, such as a pair of domed hills, suggestive of the female form.
The shape of a menhir tends to be square, tapering toward the top. They are generally roughly hewn to shape. Some have vertical grooves and certain of those at Carnac appear to have been partially smoothed.
Practically nothing is known of the cultural context in which the menhirs were erected. We have no trace even of their language. Until recently, they were associated with the Beaker people, who inhabited Europe during the later third millennium BC during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. However, more recent research into the age of megaliths in Brittany tentatively suggests a far older origin, six to seven thousand years ago.
In Scandinavia, menhirs continued to be raised during the Pre-Roman Iron Age and later, see Menhir (Iron Age), usually over the ashes of the dead. They were raised both as solitary stones and in formations, such as the stone ships and the stone circles. In the 1st century, the tradition was brought to Northern Poland, probably by the Goths (see the Wielbark Culture).
According to Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla (see e.g. Vanlade), the menhirs were raised in commemoration of great men. The tradition of raising stones evolved into the runestones [link], through intermediaries such as the Björketorp Runestone.
Menhirs are favorite objects for speculations of pseudoarchaeology.
Menhirs are so familiar from associations with prehistoric culture that they are featured prominently in the "Asterix" comics.
Menhirs in art and literature: see Paul Celan's German poem Le Menhir. For an English translation, see Jonathan Skolnik, "Kaddish for Spinoza: Memory and Modernity in Heine and Celan" NEW GERMAN CRITIQUE 77 (1999)
Partial list of menhirs
England
- Drizzlecombe, Dartmoor
- Beardown Man, Dartmoor
- Laughter Tor, near Two Bridges, Dartmoor
France
- Carnac stones, Brittany
- Filitosa, Corsica
- Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens, Gironde [link] (5 m high and 3 m wide, can be found at the nearby port of Pierrefite)
- Cham des Bondons, Lozère
Germany
- Gollenstein, Blieskastel (6.6 m high)
- Spellenstein, St. Ingbert (5 m high)
Portugal
Scandinavia
- Björketorp Runestone, a menhir inscribed with runes.
See also
- Dolmens - megalithic tombs
- Standing stone
- Megalith
- Menhir (Iron Age)
External links
- [Stone Pages] Photo essays of 529 archæological sites
- [The Menhirs of Dartmoor]
- [Dolmens, Menhirs and Megaliths in the Languedoc in the South of France]
- [New Theory - Henges - Engineering in Prehistory]
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