Mid Ulster English
Encyclopedia : M : MI : MID : Mid Ulster English
Mid Ulster English is the dialect of most people in the province of Ulster in Ireland, including those in the two main cities. It represents a cross-over area between Ulster Scots and Hiberno-English.
It is an English-based dialect spoken across mid Ulster between the Lagan and Clogher valleys in areas historically planted by settlers, the majority of which came from the West Midlands. The dialect has enjoyed higher social prestige than the Ulster Scots dialects that have influenced it to varying degrees. The dialect is currently encroaching on the Ulster Scots area, especially in the Belfast commuter belt, and may eventually consume it.
Phonology
- Main article: phonemic differentiation.
Vowels
| /i/ | feet | /əi/ | fight | |||
| /e/ | fate | /əʉ/ | shout | |||
| /ɛ/ | bet | /ɛ̈/ | bit | |||
| /a/ | bat | /ɔ̈/ | but | |||
| /ɑ/ | pot | /ɔː/ | bought | |||
| /o/ | boat | /aː/ | father | |||
| /ʉ/ | boot | /ɔe/ | boy |
- Vowels have phonemic vowel length with one set of lexically long and one of lexically short phonemes. This may be variously inluenced by the Scots system.
- /a/ in after /w/ e.g. want, what, quality.
- /ɑ/ and /ɔː/ distinction in cot, body and caught, bawdy. Some varieties neutralise the distinction in long environments, e.g. don = dawn and pod = pawed.
- like, light, meat and beard also with /e/ [lek], [let], [met], [berd]
- /i/ may occur before palatalized consonants, e.g. king, fish , condition, brick and sick.
- /e/ may occur in such words as beat, decent, leave, Jesus etc.
- Lagan Valley /ɛ/ before /k/ in take and make etc.
- /ɛ/ before velars in sack, bag, and bang etc.
- Merger of /a/ - /aː/ in all monosyllables e.g. Sam and psalm [sɑːm].
- /ɑ/ may occur before /p/ and /t/ in tap and top etc.
- /ʉ/ before /r/ in floor, whore, door, board etc.
- Vowel oppositions before /r/, e.g. /ɛrn/ earn, /fɔr/ for and /for/ four.
Consonants
- Rhoticity, that is, retention of /r/ in all positions.
- Palatalisation of /k, g, ŋ/ in the environment of front vowels.
- Clear /l/ in all positions.
- Aspiration in words beginning with dr and tr for example drum and tractor
- /b/ for /p/ in words like pepper
- /d/ for /t/ in words like butter
- /g/ for /k/ in words like packet
- /ʍ/ - /w/ contrast in which - witch.
- Dental realisations of /t, d, n, l/ may occur through Irish influence before /r/, e.g. ladder, matter dinner and pillar etc.
- Lenition of /d/ in hand [hɑːn], candle /'kanl/ and old [əʉl] etc.
- Lenition of /b, g/ in lamb [lam] and sing [sɪŋ], thimble, finger etc.
- /θ/ and /ð/ for th.
- /x/ for gh is retained in proper names and a few dialect words or pronunciations, e.g. lough, trough and sheugh.
Vocabulary
Much non-standard vocabulary found in Mid Ulster English and many meanings of standard English words peculiar to the dialect come from Scots and Irish. Some examples are shown in the table below. Many of these are also used in general Hiberno-English.
| Mid-Ulster English | Standard English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ach!/Och! | annoyance, regret, etc. (general exclamation) | Usually used to replace "Oh!" and "Ah!". "Ach" is Irish for "but", which is usually use in the same context. |
| aye | yes | |
| bake | face | From Scots, extension of meaning from beak. Many body parts are also from Scots: see below. |
| boke, boak | vomit | From Scots bowk with Ulster vocalisation to /o/. |
| cowp, cope | to tip over, to fall over | From Scots cowp with Ulster vocalisation to /o/. |
| crack | banter, fun, eg. "What's the crack (with ye)?" - "What's up?" | From Scots or Northern English. Often craic the nativised Irish spelling. |
| culchie | a farmer, rural dweller | either from "Kiltimagh" (KULL-cha-mah), a town in Co Mayo or from the -culture in "agriculture". |
| dander | walk (noun or verb) | Almost always a noun in (Ulster) Scots (daunder), its use as a verb is English influence. |
| gob, gub | mouth | Perhaps from Scots gab, but also Scottish Gaelic and Irish gob, mouth. |
| gutties | plimsolls | Note also the phrase "Give her the guttie" - "Step on it (accelerate)". From Gutta-percha, india-rubber, Also used in Scotland. |
| hallion | a good-for-nothing | From Scots. |
| (to have) a hoak, hoke | to look for, e.g. "Have a wee hoak" - "Take a look". | From Scots howk with Ulster vocalisation to /o/. |
| jap | to spill | From Scots jaup. |
| lug | ear | Scots, almost certainly from a Scandinavian source, eg. Norwegian lugg, a tuft of hair. |
| oxter | armpit | Scots |
| poke | ice-cream | From Scots poke a bag or pouch. |
| scunnered, scundered | embarrassed (esp. Belfast area), annoyed (around Tyrone) | From Scots scunner. |
| sheugh | From Scots sheuch. | |
| thon | that | From Scots, originally yon, the th by analogy with this and that. |
| throughother | like "something the cat dragged in" | Perhaps from Scots throuither. |
| wee | little, but also used as a generic diminutive | Cognate with German wenig, meaning "a little", although more closely related to English weigh. |
Furthermore, speakers of the dialect conjugate many verbs according to how they are formed in Scots, eg. driv instead of drove as the past tense of drive, etc.
See also
- Ulster Scots language
- Hiberno-English
- Ulster Irish
- West Midlands dialect
External links
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.