Miss Universe

Encyclopedia : M : MI : MIS : Miss Universe

Map of Miss Universe-winning countries as of 2005.

Miss Universe is an annual international beauty contest, and the title for the winner of the contest, founded in 1952 by California clothing company Pacific Mills. The pageant became part of Kayser-Roth and then Gulf and Western Industries, before being acquired by Donald Trump in 1996. Despite its historical rivalry with the Miss World contest, Miss Universe retains unparalleled prestige in many parts of the world, particularly Asia and Latin America. The reigning Miss Universe is Natalie Glebova, representing Canada, from Toronto, Ontario.

Miss Universe 2006

''Main article: Miss Universe 2006

History

The pageant was first televised in 1955. CBS began natioanlly broadcasting the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants combined from 1960, and separately from 1965. In 2003, NBC took over the television rights.

The main pageant was held in the United States until 1972, when it was hosted by Dorado, Puerto Rico. Since then it has usually been held in a different city each year, though Manila, Miami, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Bangkok and Panama City have each hosted it twice.

The contest today

Candidate selection

Usually a country's candidate selection involves pageants in major cities, with the winners competing in a national pageant, but this does not always occur. For example, in 2000 Australia's competition was abolished as a relic of a bygone era, with Australian delegates instead chosen by a modelling agency. Such "castings" are generally discouraged by the Miss Universe Organization, which prefers national pageants that preserve an aura of respectability and competition. Despite the "casted" Australian delegate, Jennifer Hawkins, being chosen as Miss Universe in 2004, Australia resumed its national pageant to choose Michelle Guy as Miss Universe Australia 2005.

Among the most important national pageants in the world are Miss India, Miss Philippines (which is actually known as Binibining Pilipinas in the Philippines, because another organization called Carousel Productions has since put up a pageant called Miss Philippines to represent the country in the environment-centered Miss Earth after their organization stopped producing Miss Asia-Pacific Quest), Miss USA, Miss Colombia, Miss Peru, Miss Puerto Rico, and Miss Venezuela Universe contests, which command consistently high interest and television ratings in their respective countries. Organizations attempting to build themselves up to the level of these established contests include Nuestra Belleza Mexico (Miss Mexico), Miss Universe Japan, and the triumvirate of Miss Bolivia, Miss Paraguay, and Miss Uruguay (all directed by Gloria de Limpias). Recent arrivals in the pageant include China (2002), Albania (2002), Vietnam (2004), Georgia (2004), Ethiopia (2004), Latvia (2005) and Kazakhstan (2006); there have also been efforts to revive strong national pageants in Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Canada, and the Caribbean, among other regions. There are continually efforts to expand the pageant, but the participation of some countries such as Indonesia and Algeria has proven difficult due to cultural barriers to the swimsuit competition, while others such as Mozambique, Armenia and Nepal have balked at sending representatives due to the cost (in fact, of all the major international pageants, the franchise fee for Miss Universe is the most expensive). As of 2005, only four countries have been present at every Miss Universe since its inception in 1952: Canada, France, Germany, and the USA.

Many European countries allow 17-year-old contestants to compete in their pageants, while Miss Universe's minimum age is 18, so national titleholders often have to be replaced by their runners-up. Miss Universe also prohibits transsexual applicants and age fabrication.

Main pageant

Currently, the final placement of the finalists is determined by a ranked vote, where each judge ranks each of the final three/five candidates, with the contestant posting the lowest cumulative score becoming the winner. If there is a tie, which often happens when there are even members of the jury, the higher semifinal scores become decisive.

The winner is assigned a one-year contract with the Miss Universe Organisation, travelling overseas to spread messages about the control of diseases, peace, and public awareness of AIDS. Since Donald Trump took over the pageant, the winner has been given the use of a Trump Tower apartment in New York City for use during her reign.

Aside from the main winner and her runners-up, special awards are also given to the winners of the best National Costume, Miss Photogenic, and Miss Congeniality. Miss Congeniality is chosen by the delegates themselves, while in recent years Miss Photogenic has chosen by popular internet vote (the winner used by chosen by media personnel covering the event).

The Competition Proper

The competition for the Miss Universe title has seen many changes, although there have been several constants throughout its history. All the contestants compete in a preliminary round of judging (nowadays called the "Presentation Show") where the field is narrowed to a select number of semi-finalists. This number has fluctuated over the years. The very first Miss Universe pageant had ten semi-finalists. The next two years, the number of semi-finalists grew to 16. In 1955, the number dropped to a stable 15, which remained through 1970. In 1971, the number was reduced to 12. That number was further reduced to a mere 10 in 1984. This lasted until 2003, when the number of 15 was re-instated.

In the early years, the contestants were judged in swimsuit and evening gown only. In later years, the contestants also competed in a preliminary interview round in a one-on-one meeting with each individual judge.

The Final Competition

In the early years of the pageant, the ladies who make the cut are announced after the preliminary competition. From 1965 until the present day, the semi-finalists were not announced until the night of the main event. The semi-finalists once again competed in evening gown and swimsuit and a top 5 was announced. An interview portion was introduced in 1960. From there, the runners-up and winner was selected. However, in 1959 through 1963, there was no cut to 5 finalists; the runners-up and winners were called from the assembled 15 semi-finalists.

In 1964, the top 15 became a top 10, and after a round of interview, the winner and runners-up were called from the 10 finalists.

In 1965, the pageant returned to a cut to 5 finalists, and remained so until 1989. Also, in 1969, a final question was posed to the last five contestants. The final question was an on-and-off feature of the pageant, especially in the 1980s. In 1990, it had taken root and every pageant since the final 5 contestants have to answer a final question.

In 1990, the pageant implemented major format changes in the competition itself. Instead of five finalists, the field was reduced from 10 semi-finalists to six (in 1998, the number of finalists return to 5). Each contestant then randomly selected a judge and answer the question posed by the judge. After that, the field is narrowed down further to a final three. However, in 2001, it became a final five again.

In 2000, the interview portion of the semi-finals was quietly dropped and the contestants once again, as in the early days of the pageant, competed only in swimsuit and gowns.

Since 2003 a final fifteen has been called, followed by the evening gown competition. The number of competing delegates is then reduced to ten, and these women compete in the swimsuit competition. The number is then cut to five, and these finalists compete in the "final question" or interview round. At the end of competition the runners-up are announced and the winner crowned by the outgoing queen.

Titleholders

:The following is a list of winners of the previous twelve years. See List of Miss Universe winners for the full list of titleholders.

USA

USA

Most Time Winners

Country	Titles	Winning years
	7	1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997
	4	1970, 1985, 1993, 2001
	4	1979, 1981, 1986, 1996
	3	1955, 1966, 1984
	2	1982, 2005
	2	1972, 2004
	2	1994, 2000
	2	1998, 1977
	2	1965, 1988
	2	1952, 1975
	2	1969, 1973
	2	1963, 1968
	1	2003
	1	2002
	1	2002 (dethroned)
	1	1999
	1	1992
	1	1991
	1	1990
	1	1989
	1	1987
	1	1982
	1	1978
	1	1976
	1	1974
	1	1971
	1	1964
	1	1962
	1	1963
	1	1959
	1	1958
	1	1957
	1	1953

Best performances by continental regions

Invited artists

• Peabo Bryson (1994)
• Jon Secada (1995)
• Enrique Iglesias (1997)
• K-Ci & JoJo (1998)
• Julio Iglesias, Jr. (1999)
• Elvis Crespo, Montell Jordan and Dave Koz (2000)
• Ricky Martin and La Ley (band) (2001)
• Marc Anthony (2002)
• Bond and Chayanne (2003)
• Gloria Estefan (2004)
• Chelo (2006)

Hosts

• Bob Russell (1952-1957)
• Byron Palma (1958-1959)
• George DeWitt, Arthur Godfrey, Charles Collingwood and Jayne Meadows (1960)
• Johnny Carson and Jayne Meadows (1961)
• Gene Rayburn (1962-1963)
• Jack Linkletter and June Lockhart (1964-1966)
• Bob Barker (1967-1987)
• June Lockhart (1967-1971)
• Helen O'Connell (1972-1980)
• Corinna Tsopei (1978)
• Elke Sommer (1981)
• Joan Van Ark (1982-1985)
• Mary Frann (1986-1987)
• Alan Thicke and Tracy Scoggins (1988)
• John Forsythe, Emma Samms and Karen Baldwin (1989)
• Dick Clark, Leeza Gibbons and Margaret Gardiner (1990)
• Dick Clark, Leeza Gibbons and Angela Visser (1991)
• Dick Clark, Leeza Gibbons and Angela Visser (1992)
• Dick Clark, Cecilia Bolocco and Angela Visser (1993)
• Bob Goen, Arthel Neville and Angela Visser (1994)
• Bob Goen and Daisy Fuentes (1995)
• Bob Goen and Marla Maples (1996)
• George Hamilton and Marla Maples (1997)
• Jack Wagner, Julie Moran and Ali Landry (1998-1999)
• Sinbad, Julie Moran and Ali Landry (2000)
• Todd Newton, Elle MacPherson, Naomi Campbell and Brook Mahealani Lee (2001)
• Phil Simms, Daisy Fuentes and Brook Mahealani Lee (2002)
• Billy Bush and Daisy Fuentes (2003-2004)
• Billy Bush and Nancy O'Dell (2005)
• Carlos Ponce, Nancy O'Dell, Shandi Finnessey and Carson Kressley (2006)

Trivia

Locations

• Miss Puerto Rico 2001, Denise Quiñones, is the first titleholder to win Miss Universe in her home country (outside the USA). The USA hosted the early years of the pageant (1952-1971), with 4 Miss USA's crowned on home turf (1954 and 1956 in Long Beach, CA, and 1960 and 1967 in Miami Beach, FL). In 1997, Miss USA Brook Mahealani Lee (a native of Hawaii) was crowned Miss Universe in Miami Beach.

• Outside the USA, Mexico and Puerto Rico have hosted the most Miss Universe pageants, with three each. The various locations were:
• *Mexico: Acapulco (1978), Cancun (1989), Mexico City (1993).
• *Puerto Rico: Dorado (1972, the first pageant held outside the 50 states of the U.S.), Bayamon (2001), San Juan (2002)

• Apart from the United States, Mexico and Puerto Rico, the only countries to host the pageant more than once were:
• *Manila, Philippines (1974 & 1994)
• *Panama City, Panama (1986 & 2003)
• *Bangkok, Thailand (1992 & 2005)

Competing states

• Before becoming states in 1959, Alaska and Hawaii both sent delegates to the pageant during the 1950s. In fact, Miss Hawaii was 1st runner-up in 1952 and 2nd runner-up in 1958 (before winning Miss Universe as Miss USA in 1997), while Miss Alaska reached the semi-finals in 1957.

• The United States has performed the best throughout the pageant's entire history, with seven winners, eight first runners-up, six second runners-up, one third runner-up, three fourth runners-up, six finalists, and seventeen semi-finalists. Venezuela, however, remains the most successful overall beauty powerhouse, having won all of the major beauty pageants.

• Miss USA has missed the semi-finals only three times: 1976 (Barbara Peterson), 1999 (Kimberly Pressler), and 2002 (Shauntay Hinton). In 1957, Leona Gage of Maryland was disqualified from the semi-finals after it was revealed that she was married and a mother.

• The nations that have competed every single year of competition (from 1952 to date) are France, Germany, USA and Canada. Sweden lost this distinction when they failed to send a contestant in 2005. Israel, Italy and Greece both missed the pageant only one time as well (1953, 1992 and 1988 respectively).

Delegates

• The very first Miss Universe (from Finland), the very first Miss Asia (from Malaysia), and the very first Miss International (from Colombia), all married Filipinos.

• Except for Miss International, the first winners of all the major beauty pageants came from Scandinavian countries: Finland won the Miss Universe, Sweden captured the Miss World and Denmark gained the Miss Earth.

• On three occasions, contestants that did not place in Miss World: Georgina Rizk, Angela Visser, and Mpule Kwelagobe, won Miss Universe. However, no contestant who failed to place at Miss Universe have ever went on to win Miss World.

• Seven Miss Universe delegates placed as runner-up or semifinalist in that pageant and later won the Miss World title. They were: Carmen Susana Duijim Zubillaga - semi-finalist, Venezuela 1955; Corinne Rottschafer - semi-finalist, Holland 1958; Rosemarie Frankland - First Runner-up, Wales 1961; Madeleine Hartog Bell - semi-finalist, Peru 1966; Eva Von Rueber-Staier - semi-finalist, Austria 1969; Helen Morgan - first runner-up, Wales 1974 (dethroned); Gina Ann Casandra Swainson - First Runner-up, Bermuda 1979 and Agbani Darego - semi-finalist, Nigeria 2001.

• At 5'4" tall, Miss Thailand 1965, Apasra Hongsakula is the shortest Miss Universe ever crowned.

• In 1957, Miss USA Mary Leona Gage was disqualified for being married, though she had qualified for the semi-finals. She was replaced by Miss Argentina.

• Amparo Munoz of Spain, Miss Universe 1974, was dethroned shortly before her reign ended and did not crown her successor, but she was not formally replaced. Amparo's runner-up, Helen Morgan of Wales, went on to represent the United Kingdom in the Miss World pageant later that same year. She won, only to resign a few days later when she was revealed to be an unwed mother.

• Irene Sáez, Miss Universe 1981, ran for President of Venezuela in 1998 (losing to Hugo Chávez), after having been elected mayor of Chacao in 1992 and governor of Margarita Island in 1999.

• Trinidad & Tobago's Janelle Commissiong became the first woman of black descent to be crowned Miss Universe, this occurred in 1977 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The first black African to win Miss Universe of was Mpule Kwelagobe, of Botswana, crowned in 1999 at Chaguaramas, Trinidad & Tobago.

• Only once have black women won Miss Universe in succession. Wendy Fitzwilliam of Trinidad & Tobago won the title in 1998, followed by Mpule Kwelagobe of Botswana in 1999.

• Andrea Stelzer was Miss South Africa in 1985, but pulled out of Miss Universe because of anti-apartheid demonstrations. She competed in 1989 as Miss Germany, and was a top 10 semi-finalist.

• Miss Lebanon 2001, Christina Sawaya, pulled out of the 2002 Miss Universe competition because of the participation of Miss Israel. She went on to win the rival Miss International competition in the same year.

• 2002's winner, Oxana Fedorova of Russia, became the first Miss Universe who officially did not finish her reign, making first runner-up Justine Pasek the first Panamanian to hold the title. Fedorova was crowned in Puerto Rico in mid-May, and was replaced by Pasek in early August. It is unclear whether Fedorova was fired for failure to perform her duties (the official version), or chose to resign because she had not expected the heavy workload.

• The strong rivalry among Puerto Rico and Venezuela is so well-known in popular culture, that their struggle has been immortalized in several Spanish-language television commercials in the United States for such companies as MasterCard and Budweiser. In the latter, former Miss Universe winners Dayanara Torres of Puerto Rico and Alicia Machado of Venezuela cause mayhem in a sports bar as they compete to win the admiration of the men present in a comical manner.

• A new trend of delegates representing countries they were not born in has developed. Miss Universe 2002 Justine Pasek was born in Kharkiv Ukraine. Miss Israel 2005, Elena Ralph was also born in Ukraine and moved to Israel when she was 8 years old. The most famous country-swapper was probably Natascha Borger. After placing 12th in the 2000 Miss Venezuela pageant she moved to Germany where she easily won the crown of Miss Germany Universe. Other notable contestants who represent countries other than their birth place include the Canadian Miss Universe 2005 Natalie Glebova who is Russian by birth.

• In April 2006, a reunion of former titleholders took place in New York City to celebrate the launch of the book "Universal Beauty" by Cara Birnbaum. The reunion included Sylvia Hitchcock (1967, USA); Margaret Gardiner (1978, South Africa); Yvonne Ryding (1984, Sweden); Deborah Carthy-Deu (1985, Puerto Rico); Barbara Palacios Teyde (1986, Venezuela); Porntip "Bui" Nakhirunkanok (1988, Thailand); Mona Grudt (1990, Norway); Lupita Jones (1991, Mexico); Michelle McLean (1992, Namibia); Brook Lee (1997, USA); Wendy Fitzwilliam (1998, Trinidad & Tobago); Denise Quiñones (2001, Puerto Rico); Justine Pasek (2002, Panama); Amelia Vega (2003, Dominican Republic) and Natalie Glebova(2005, Canada).

The Miss Universe Creed

"We, the young women of the universe, believe people everywhere are seeking peace, tolerance and mutual understanding. We pledge to spread this message in every way we can, wherever we go."

Statistics

• As of the 2005 contest the United States have won the event the most times, with seven Miss Universe crowns, followed by Puerto Rico and Venezuela with four each, Sweden with three and Australia, Brazil, Canada, Finland, India, Philippines, Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago with two each.

• The electronic voting was introduced to televiewers in 1978 when the pageant was held in Acapulco, Mexico and for the first time in a televised pageant, the audience get to see how the judges vote for the scores were televised. After twenty-four years, in 2003, pageant officials decided to eliminate the electronic voting system in favor of traditional judging system.

• In terms of successive placements, Venezuela has performed the most successfully overall during the last two decades: for 21 years, from 1983 to 2003, its representatives placed in the semifinals without interruption, nearly beating the United States' 22-year streak between 1977-1998. In the last decade every Miss Venezuela who has made the finals progressed to the top five or top six. Although Venezuela has won fewer crowns than the USA, it has had a far superior record in terms of overall placement. While Alicia Machado has been the only Venezuelan Miss Universe in the last decade, of the nine pageants that have followed her victory, four have seen Venezuela's representative place first runner-up (1997, 1998, 2000, and 2003).

• Other than Venezuela and the USA, the countries that have made the semi-finals the most in a row are India (who in recent years have emerged as a pageant powerhouse) with 11 (1992-2002) consecutive placements; Germany with ten (1952 to 1961); and Finland with 8 (1962-1969).

• Colombia had three first-runner up placements from 1992-1994, a streak that has been unparalelled in competition history. The only country to have done better is Venezuela. They had a winner in 1996 followed by 2 first runner-ups in 1997 and 1998

• Peru is the only Latin American country to compete since the beginning, win a Miss Universe, and host the Miss Universe pageant.

• England, the Philippines and Puerto Rico all have won the Miss Photogenic award 5 times. Puerto Rico has won all 5 of its awards within the last 7 years (1999, 2001-2004).

• Colombia has won the Best National Costume Award six times.

• Guam and Trinidad/Tobago have both won the Miss Congeniality awards three times (and both within a four-year period).

• It seems like it doesn't pay to be nice at Miss Universe. No Miss Congeniality has ever gone on to win Miss Universe. The closest was Miss El Salvador 1955, who was 1st runner-up.

• In addtion to winning the Miss Universe title in 2001, Denise Quiñones (Miss Puerto Rico) also won Miss Photogenic and the Clairol Best Style Award, making her the only Miss Universe to win 2 other awards on pageant night.

• Four Black contestants have won the pageant: Janelle Penny Commisiong of Trinidad and Tobago in 1977, Chelsi Smith from the USA in 1995, Wendy Fitzwilliam of Trinidad and Tobago in 1998, and Mpule Kwelagobe of Botswana in 1999.

• Six contestants of Far Eastern descent have won the pageant: Akiko Kojima of Japan in 1959, Apasra Hongsakula of Thailand in 1965, Gloria Diaz and Margarita Moran of the Philippines in 1969 and 1973 respectively, Porntip Nakhirunkanok of Thailand in 1988, and Brook Mahaelani Lee from the state of Hawaii in 1997.

• In terms of successive placements in the finals, Finland is the country that has made them most often: for five years, from 1965 to 1969, its delegates placed in the finals without interruption (1965: Virpi Miettinen, first runner-up, 1966: Satu Ostring, first runner-up, 1967: Ritva Lehto, third runner-up, 1968: Leena Brusiin, second runner-up, and 1969: Harrieti Eriksson, first runner-up).

See also

• Miss Universe 2006
• Miss Universe 2005

External links

• [Miss Universe official website]
• [Pageant Almanac: Miss Universe]
• [Missosology.Org: Analyzing Beauty Pageants]
• [Trident Beauties]
• [Miss Universe Gateway]
• [Miss Universe Blog]
• [Big 4 Pageant]
• [Miss Cosmos]

Big Four Pageants

Miss Universe | Miss World | Miss Earth | Miss International

From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.