Mnemonic

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A mnemonic (pronounced [nəˈmɑnɪk] in American English, [nəˈmɒnɪk] in British English) is a memory aid. Mnemonics are often verbal, something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something, particularly lists. Mnemonics rely not only on repetition to remember facts, but also on associations between easy-to-remember constructs and lists of data, based on the principle that the human mind much more easily remembers data attached to spatial, personal or otherwise meaningful information than that occurring in meaningless sequences. The sequences must make sense though. If a random mnemonic is made up, it is not necessarily a memory aid.

The word mnemonic is derived from the Ancient Greek word μνημονικός mnemonikos ("of memory") and is related to Mnemosyne ("remembrance"), the name of the Mother of the Muses in Greek mythology. Both of these words refer back to μνημα mnema ("remembrance"). The first known reference to mnemonics is the method of loci described in Cicero's De Oratore.

The major assumption is that there are two sorts of memory: the "natural" memory and the "artificial" memory. The former is inborn, and is the one that everyone uses every day. The artificial memory is one that is trained through learning and practicing a variety of mnemonic techniques. The latter can be used to perform feats of memory that are quite extraordinary, impossible to carry out using the natural memory alone.

Contents

Egg and spear or number shape system

This is another peg system, much like the number-rhyme system but more suitable for those with visual learning styles (a one looks like a candle; a two looks like a swan, and so on).

Candle, spear
Swan
Bosom
Sail
Hook
Club
Cliff
Hourglass
Flag
A candle next to an egg

Visual mnemonics

Visual mnemonics are very popular in medicine as well as other fields. In this technique, an image portrays characters or objects whose name sounds like the item that has to be memorized. This object then interacts with other similarly portrayed objects that in turn represent associated information.

Examples of simple first letter mnemonics

One common mnemonic device for remembering lists consists of an easily remembered word, phrase, or rhyme whose first letters are associated with the list items. The idea lends itself well to memorizing hard-to-break passwords as well. Though easy to derive, they are often not as powerful as the classical systems because they do not make use of visualization techniques.

Science and technology

Biology, medicine, and anatomy

Medical mnemonics are quite common, see [link]. Some of them are less politically correct than others, and some are profane (presumably because their shock value makes them easier to remember). The list below doesn't censor, but in some cases does provide "clean" alternatives.

An example of a visual mnemonic for the drug "hydralazine" could be represented as "lazy hydra" that is on strike holding a sign "NO more work". "NO" in the above case symbolizes Nitrous oxide, which is related to the drug's mechanism of action. For examples of this technique, see [link].[It should be noted that NO is actually the symbol for Nitric Oxide, which has a markedly different effect on the body...]

"On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops" @, p. 88: "An example of this is the mnemonic used by most nursing students to remember the cranial nerves: On Old Olympus' Towering Top a Finn and German Viewed Some Hops.":(The letters stand for Olfactory nerve, Optic nerve, Occulomotor nerve, Trochlear nerve, Trigeminal nerve, Abducent nerve, Facial nerve, Auditory nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Vagus nerve, Spinal Accessory nerve, and Hypoglossal nerve.)
(Many variants exist. Mnemonics for the cranial nerves vary, because the auditory nerve is also known as the Vestibulocochlear nerve and the accessory nerve is also known as the Spinal accessory nerve.)
An example of simple yet effective medical mnemonic, often employed to assist first-year medical students of UNSW (Australia) is "CHINPIG". This outlines the 7 empirical causes of cell death, which are "Chemical, Hypoxia, Infection, Nutritional, Physical, Immunologic, Genetic".

Biological groupings in
(The letters stand for Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.)

"Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools p. 155, ""Kings Play Cards On Fairly Green Stools ("Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) or "Kids Pour Catsup Over Green Spiders "Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)"�UNIQ5b5164d93d38d469-HTMLCommentStrip2c72fe8c1a81ee0d00000001
"King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti"
"Kinky Pat Came Over For Great Sex"

Chemistry

Chemistry students use the phrase "LEO says GER" and "LEO the lion goes GER" to keep the two halves of a redox process straight, since the Loss of Electrons is Oxidation while the Gain of Electrons is Reduction. p. 208: "When a substance loses an electron, it is oxidized; when it gains an electron, it is reduced (LEO says GER)"
*Another version is the word "OIL-RIG", meaning Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). p. 75: "It is helpful to remember 'OIL RIG:' Oxidation i loss of electrons ('OIL'), Reduction is gain of electrons ('RIG')."
Another chemistry mnemonic is BrINClHOF (pronounced brinklehoff). This phrase is used to remember the diatomic elements in the periodic table, besides the noble gases (Group 18). They are: Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine.

Electronics

The electronic color code is used to indicate numerical values or ratings of electronic components, with bands or spots of Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Grey, and White corresponding to the digits 0-9. To help remember the sequence of first letters, several mnemonics have been taught to generations of students and apprentices:

Black Beetles Running On Your Grass Bring Very Good Weather, p. 33.

Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Wellop. cit

The latter is intriguing for its similarity to a mnemonic from less politically correct times (Bad Boys Rape Our Young Girls But Virgins Go Without), perhaps reflecting the changing culture of engineering in the western world as it moves to abandon sexism and to embrace female professionals.

Engineering

A mnemonic to remember which way to turn common (right handed) screws and nuts, including light bulbs, is "Righty tighty, lefty loosey." An alternative is to remember that cLockwise has an L (for loosen), while counTer-clockwise (and anTi-clockwise in Britain) has a "T" (for tighten); this mnemonic must therefore be reversed to get the proper direction.
For taps and valves you can also use "clockwise is closing" meaning you must turn the tap clockwise to close it.

Geology

Geological time scale
* The full mnemonic can be broken down to recall each of the epochs. p. 84
** Camels Often Sit Down Carefully Perhaps Their Joints Creak Possibly Easing Oil May Prove Positively Helpful.
** Paleozoic
*** Camels Often Sit Down Carefully Perhaps
*** Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian.
** Mesozoic
*** Their Joints Creak
*** Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous.
** Cenozoic
*** Possibly Easing Oil May Prove Positively Helpful.
*** Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene Holocene.
Mohs scale of mineral hardness
*Tall Girls Can Flirt And Other Queer Things Castrate Donkeys: "Tall Girls Can Flirt..." and many others
*Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond.
Remember Stalagmites vs Stalactites
* stalagmites - G: ground - mite: might reach the roof, look like an 'm' /\/\
* stalactites - C: ceiling - tite: have to hang on tight or will fall off

Mathematics

Many mnemonics have been devised for remembering the digits of pi, consisting of phrases or verses in which successive digits of pi are obtained by counting the number of letters in each word. (Fortunately, the first thirty digits of pi contain no zeroes). Some are:
*"How I wish I could recollect pi easily today." (3.14159 265)
*"How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics!" (3.14159 265358979)
*(Alternate version of previous) "How I need a drink, alcoholic in nature, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics!" (3.14159 265358979)
*"Que j'aime a faire apprendre, un nombre utile aux sages. Immortel Archimede, artiste, ingenieur, qui de ton jugement peut priser la valeur?" (3.1415926535897932384626)
*The following sonnet is a mnemonic for pi in iambic pentameter:

Now I defy a tenet gallantly
Of circle canon law: these integers
Importing circles' quotients are, we see,
Unwieldy long series of cockle burs
Put all together, get no clarity;
Mnemonics shan't describeth so reformed
Creating, with a grammercy plainly,
A sonnet liberated yet conformed.
Strangely, the queer'st rules I manipulate
Being followéd, do facilitate
Whimsical musings from geometric bard.
This poesy, unabashed as it's distressed,
Evolvéd coherent - a simple test,
Discov'ring poetry no numerals jarred. See ["Poe, E.: Near a Raven"] for an extreme example.

Two mnemonics for the constant e (the base for natural logarithms) are "We require a mnemonic to remember e whenever we scribble math" and "To express e, remember to memorize a sentence to simplify this". The lengths of the words constitute the number 2.7182818284, an approximation of e to 10 decimal places.
Another mnemonic for e is 2.7-Andrew Jackson-Andrew Jackson-Isosceles Right Triangle. Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828, and the next digits, 45-90-45, may be thought of as the three angles of an Isosceles Right Triangle. This gives e to 15 places, 2.718281828459045.
Many people remember the order of operations in arithmetic with the word Brackets Of (fractions: 1/2 of 2) Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction (BODMAS or BOMDAS). In the United States, students often use the sentence Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally, where the E signifies exponentiation and the P signifies parentheses. Occasionally the phrase is modified to My Dear Mother's Aunt Sally, with the second M standing for modulo; this is more often seen in the context of programming languages, where the modulo operation is more common. An alternative way to remember the order of operations is "Patrick Ewing Makes Dunks And Slams"
Many secondary school students remember the basic trigonometric functions with the phrase SOH-CAH-TOA (pronounced "soak a toe-uh").

SOH ... Sine = Opposite leg divided by the Hypotenuse
CAH ... Cosine = Adjacent leg divided by the Hypotenuse
TOA ... Tangent = Opposite leg divided by the Adjacent leg
Mnemonics for remembering SOH-CAH-TOA include:

*Oscar Had A Heap Of Apples (the sine-cosine-tangent order was presumed)
*Saddle Our Horses, Canter Away Happily Toward Other Adventures
*Sex On Holiday, Can Add Highlights To Our Adventures
*Sally Can Tell : Oscar Has A Hard On Always (as popularized at Cincinnati's St. Xavier High School)
*Silly Old Harry Carried A Horse To Our Apartment
*Six Overweight Heffalumps Came And Heavily Trod On Arthur
*Some Old Hippie Caught Another Hippie Tripping On Acid
*Some Old wHore Caught Another wHore Tapping Old Ass
*Some Officers Have Curly Auburn Hair Til Old Age
*The Cat Sat On An Orange And Howled Horribly
*"One Hopes, And Hopes, On America" was widely taught to British schoolchildren during World War II (the sine-cosine-tangent order was presumed). Not only was it a good mnemonic, it also served to reassure the children that Great Britain was not doomed to Nazi annihilation

On a lighter note if one can remember that Santa Claus says "Ho Ho" and then place the three (Sine Cosine and Tangent) in alphabetical order C S T with A at beginning and A at end we have: A HO HO A and C S T. Now simply read these in order and you have: C(theta)= A/H S(theta)=O/H T(theta)=O/A

For remembering the order of taking the derivative of a quotient in calculus, the phrase "ho-di-hi, hi-di-ho, hoho" can be useful, where ho means the bottom, hi means the top, and di means the derivative. So,

[ \frac \left( \frac \right) =\frac ]

To remember the elements of the matrix[ \begin a & h & g\\ h & b & f\\ g & f & c \end] the determinant of which is used in the Conic Sections part of Analytic Geometry, the mnemonic used is "All Hostel Girls Having Boy Friends Go For Cinema".

To remember which trig functions are positive in the different quadrants: "all students take calculus" or "all students try cheating"

ALL trig functions are positive in Q1 Sin and its inverse are positive in Q2 Tan and its inverse are positive in Q3 Cos and its inverse are positive in Q4

Physics

The fake name Roy G. Biv helps us to remember the order of the colors in the spectrum. A book review mentions this venerable mnemonic as occurring in a 1978 book of poetry by John Hollander, entitled Spectral Emanations. The verse features "a charmingly disreputable character, Roy G. Biv, an acronym[sic] of the seven colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet—whose surname means 'sewer pipe' in Hebrew."Flint, R. W. (1978): "Luminous Melancholy, Fantastical Wit," The New York Times, May 28, 1978, p. BR2. Review of
In England "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain" is popular., p. 92: "the British children's mnemonic 'Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain'"

(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet).

A mnemonic used by physics students to remember the Maxwell relations in thermodynamics is "Good Physicists Have Studied Under Very Fine Teachers", which helps them remember the order of the variables in the square, in clockwise direction. Another mnemonic used here is "Valid Facts and Theoretical Understanding Generate Solutions to Hard Problems", which gives the letter in the normal left to right writing direction.
The alkali metal group can be easily recalled using Little Nancy Kept Rubies in Caesar's Front-pocket, the elements being Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Caesium (Cs), Francium (Fr).
The Group XVIII inert gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon) may be recalled by the sentence "Heaven Never Arsked Kriegspiel's eXtra Rent"
The phrase "We guarantee certainty, clearly referring to this light mnemonic." represents the speed of light in meters per second through the number of letters in each word: 299792458.
"Kids Have Dropped Over Dead Converting Metrics" is an effective mnemonic for helping remember the basic Metric system prefixes of "Kilo Hecto Deca O(base unit) Deci Centi Milli"
For remembering the letter names of the atomic orbitals: "Sober Physicists Don't Find Giraffes Hiding In Kitchens".

General knowledge

"DOC" represents phases of the Moon by shape: "D" is the waxing moon; "O" the full moon; and "C" the waning moon. In the Southern hemisphere, this is reversed, and the mnemonic is "COD". A French mnemonic is that the waxing moon at its first "premier" quarter phase looks like a 'p', and the waning moon at its last "dernier" quarter looks like a 'd'. In German, the Moon is compared to a handwritten small letter a for "Abnehmen" (waning) and a z for "Zunehmen" (waxing). One more (Northern hemisphere) mnemonic, which works for most Romance languages, says that the Moon is a liar: it spells "C", as in crescere (Italian for "to grow") when it wanes, and "D" as in decrescere ("decrease") when it waxes.
"Red, right, return" used to remember which sea mark denotes which side of a sailing channel.
On the other hand, "there´s always some red port (wine) left" is also used to remember the basics in sea faring.

To remember which way to tighten a screw: "righty tighty, lefty loosey"
The major planets of our solar system (although the Sun isn't a planet)

Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

Shirley McLane Vomits Every Morning, Jimmy Stewart Usually Never Pukes

*There have also been many variations of this mnemonic including the ever-popular:

My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas, which again represents the aforementioned planets, sans the sun.

My Very Easy Mnemonic Just Summed Up Nine Planets

Marks Very Excitable Melanie Just Sits Unmoved Never Playing

My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets

My Very Energetic Mother Just Saw Uncle Ned Pass

Geography

Many young Australian, Kiwi and British children remember the compass points in order in clockwise with the phrase Never Eat Soggy Weet-bix, or Never Eat Shredded Wheat (North, East, South, West). Weet-bix and Shredded Wheat are popular breakfast cereals in Australia, New Zealand and Britain. Another variation is Never Ever Smoke Weed. In the United States, school children are often taught with the phrase Never Eat Soggy Waffles or Never Eat Sour Worms (though the above mentioned Shredded Wheat version is also used), whereas a Canadian rendition is Never Eat Soggy Wieners. Another mnemonic, Naughty Elephants Squirt Water, is also used.
In Estonian schools studying of intermediate directions is often made easier by an mnemonic, which is formed by each direction's first letter. (In Estonia intermediate directions have separate names, instead of forming from cardinal directions (North+East=Northeast). So Northeast corresponds to Kirre, while Southeast, Southwest and Northwest are Edel, Loe and Kagu, respectively. Counting from Kirre towards Kagu the first letters combine word "kelk", which is Estonian for "sled".
The acronym HOMES is also a mnemonic aid that can be used to remember the names of the North American Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). SMHEO is also useful to remember their positions from North to South, "Super Man Helps Every One" to remember their positions from West to East, and if you like, "Sam's Horse Must Eat Oats" helps one to remember their ordering by size from largest to smallest. The Canadian lakes can be noted as SHOE.
To remember the colours of the rainbow, and their respective order, students might learn Richard Of York Gained Battle In Vain for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This mnemonic was popularised in the opening scene of the British play and film, Beautiful Thing, by Jonathan Harvey. Alternatively, ROY G. BIV may be taught as if it's a first name, middle initial, and last name.
The Dutch Antilles can be remembered by thinking of the Leeward Islands as the ABC islands and of the Windward Islands as the SSS islands.
: Note: The SSS islands are part of what are in English called the Leeward Islands, but in e.g. French, Spanish, German, Dutch and the English spoken locally these are considered part of the Windward Islands.
The nations of Central America can be remembered (in order north to south) by "Better Go Home Every Night Completely Paid".(Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama)
Many cities have mnemonics that locals use to remember the order of important streets, for example Seattle's "Jesus Christ Made Seattle Under Protest" (pairs of downtown streets from south to north, i.e. Jefferson, James, etc.)
To help remember whether you lose time or gain it when traveling: EWG and WEL. East to West Gains and West to East Loses
How to set your clock to accommodate the shift to and from daylight savings time: "Spring forward. Fall back."

Military

A mnemonic to remember different ranks of generals in the U.S. Military is "Be My Little General" for Brigadier General (one star), Major General (two stars), Lieutenant General (three stars), and General (four stars).

Music

The mnemonic "Every Good Boy Does Fine", for the names of the notes on the lines of the treble clef, is taught to music students and is a commonly cited example of a mnemonic. It has a long history. A novel by Joseph Machlis set in the early 1900s tells how "Miss Gerwitz, a thin little woman with a birdlike face... arrived for the lesson with Bayer's Piano Method under her arm and proceeded to initate David into the mysteries of the staff. The lines were 'Every Good Boy Does Fine,' the spaces 'F-A-C-E.'" . In 1947, a professor at Teachers College complained that this mnemonic interferes with proper learning, referring to "old teaching 'vices,' such as having children memorize the spaces and lines on the staff by remembering the word 'face' and the phrase 'Every good boy does fine.'""Ten Children Play the Piano in 40 Minutes; Expert Stresses Imitation as Best Teaching," The New York Times, June 4, 1947, p. 29. Also along these lines is the more peculiarly British version, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, of which see also the Moody Blues album of the same title. Other variations are 'Every Good Boy Deserve Football' and 'Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit'.

There are various mnemonics for the bass cleff as well, the space notes ACEG can be remembered as All Cows Eat Grass, while the lines can be remembered as Good Boys Deserve Football (or Favour, or Fudge) Always or Good Boys Do Fine Always

One method for remembering the 6 main concepts of music that is particulary odd, but memorable is: Deranged Possums That Do Stupid Things. Standing for Duration, Pitch, Texture, Dynamics and Expressive Techniques, Structure and Tone Colour (or Timbre)

Another common mnemonic is Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle. This is the order of Sharps in a key signature. It also works in reverse for flats: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father.

The calendar

The rhyme Thirty days hath September is commonly used as a mnemonic for the number of days in the months of the year. If the rhyme is too much effort, then it might be sufficient to remember that July is named for Julius Caesar, and that August is named for Augustus Caesar, both of whom were popular leaders of ancient Rome. Thus, they both were entitled by fiat to have a 31 day month, and the rest of the months fall into an alternating 30-31 pattern, with the exception of February, which at one time was the last month of the year. Thus proceeding as if March was the beginning of the year, the month of September becomes the seventh month, October the eighth month, November the ninth month and December the tenth month, in accordance with the Latin prefixes from which the names of these months are derived. Thus March, April, May, June, and July belong to Julius Caesar and have a 31-30-31-30-31 pattern. Likewise August, September, October, November and December are associated with Augustus Caesar and form a second 31-30-31-30-31 pattern. January, associated with the less memorable Janus, was once along with February at the end of the year, but now these two months form another pattern that starts with 31, but which is then terminated at the end of February, which by the original Roman calendar would have begun a new year.
Another mnemonic for the days of the months is not a rhyme or a jingle, but a gestalt. Whereas the traditional mnemonic simply associates the name of the month with the number of days, this one emphasizes the sequence. The 31 and less-than-31-day months would be easy to remember if they simply alternated, but the pattern of month lengths is not that simple. They alternate until the fourth 31-day month, July, which is immediately followed by another 31-day month. Since the human hand has four fingers, one can, given an appropriate mind-set, perceive this pattern in a view of the knuckles of two fists, held together. The raised knuckles can be seen as the 31-day months, the dips between them as the 30-day-months-and-February, and the gap between the hands ignored. (Thus: left-hand-pinky-knuckle = January, dip = February, left-hand-ring-knuckle = March, dip = April, and so on to left-hand-index-knuckle = July; then continue with right-hand-index-knuckle = August, dip = September, etc).

The dominical letters for the years 1630, 1730, 1830, and 1930, taken in that order, spell "FACE". This can be remembered by the mnemonic "dirty face" (for "'30 FACE").

Anamonics (Scrabble)

Many tournament Scrabble players employ anamonics, a form of initialization mnemonic, for the purposes of learning and quickly recalling sets of acceptable words. An anamonic consists of a "stem" (usually of six or seven letters), paired with a semantically related phrase, in which each letter of the phrase can be added to the stem and rearranged to form at least one acceptable word. For example, if a player has the tiles ACDEIRT on her rack, and recalls the anamonic "DICE-ART = casino math diploma", they will know precisely which letters may be played through to form 8-letter words, and will hopefully be aided in finding the words: ACCREDIT, RADICATE, ACRIDEST, RATICIDE, DICENTRA, CERATOID, TIMECARD, CITRATED/TETRACID/TETRADIC, TRACHEID, READDICT, PICRATED, and ARTICLED/LACERTID.

Other mnemonic systems

Arbitrariness of mnemonics

A curious characteristic of many memory systems is that mnemonic devices work despite being (or possibly because of being) illogical, arbitrary, and artistically flawed. "Roy" is a legitimate first name, but there is no actual surname "Biv" and of course the middle initial "G" is arbitrary. Why is "Roy G. Biv" easy to remember? Medical students never forget the arbitrary nationalities of the Finn and German. Any two of the three months ending in -ember would fit just as euphoniously as September and November in "Thirty days hath...", yet most people can remember the rhyme correctly for a lifetime after having heard it once, and are never troubled by doubts as to which two of the -ember months have thirty days. A bizarre arbitrary association may stick in the mind better than a logical one.

One reason for the effectiveness of seemingly arbitrary mnemonics is the grouping of information provided by the mnemonic. Just as US phone numbers group 10 digits into three groups, the name "Roy G. Biv" groups seven colors into two short names and an initial. Various studies (most notably The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two) have shown that the human brain is capable of remembering only a limited number of arbitrary items; grouping these items into chunks permits the brain to hold more of them in memory.

Assembly mnemonics

In assembly language a mnemonic is a code, usually from 1 to 5 letters, that represents an opcode, a number.

Programming in machine code, by supplying the computer with the numbers of the operations it must perform, can be quite a burden, because for every operation the corresponding number must be looked up or remembered. Looking up all numbers takes a lot of time, and mis-remembering a number may introduce computer bugs.

Therefore a set of mnemonics was devised. Each number was represented by an alphabetic code. So instead of entering the number corresponding to addition to add two numbers one can enter "add".

Although mnemonics differ between different CPU designs some are common, for instance: "sub" (subtract), "div" (divide), "add" (add) and "mul" (multiply).

This type of mnemonic is different from the ones listed above in that instead of a way to make remembering numbers easier, it is a way to make remembering numbers unnecessary (by relying on some external way to tie each mnemonic to a number).

History of mnemonics

See the method of loci.

References

External links

[School of Phenomenal Memory] - Free NEW memorization technqiues and eBook. Phenomenal Memory is not a GIFT. It is a SKILL!
[Memory Improvement techniques] - Free online tutorials and forums, vedic maths guides, leaving cert and GCSE/A level memory tips too.
[Homepage of the World Memory Championships]
[The Memory Page]: Tutorials and tips on how to improve your memory.
[Medical Mnemonics.com: World's Database of Medical Mnemonics] - "A free online searchable database of medical mnemonics to help students of health-related professions remember the important details."
[Mnemonics Collection for Students] - In spite of your efforts to organize your information, you may still find that you have a big list of stuff to remember..

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