Molise Croatian dialect
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Molise Croatian dialect (also: Molise Slavic, Slavisano, na-našo) is spoken in the Campobasso Province in the Molise Region of Italy, in three villages — Montemitro (Mundimitar), Aquaviva Collercroce (Živavoda Kruč) and San Felice del Molise (Štifilić). These have approximately 3,000 speakers. The dialect has been preserved since a group of Croats emigrated from Dalmatia abreast of advancing Turks. The residents of these villages claim a western Shtokavian dialect. The name Molise Croats is attested in literature, and justified by the modern convention of classifying all Catholics (the Bunjevci and Janjevci among them) on the territory of the Croatian and Serbian diasystem as Croats. (In reference works at the beginning of the century, the names Dalmatian, Slavonian, and Croat designated three different nationalities). Some speakers call themselves Zlavi and call their language simply na-našo (our language).
The inhabitants of these villages would say that their ancestors came Z onu banu mora/From other side of the sea, and inhabited villages in Molise and Abruzzo, abandoned because of the plague. Originally the area inhabited by Slavs was much wider than today. Because these people have migrated away from the rest of their kinsmen so long ago, their diaspora language is rather distinct from the standard languages at the other side of the Adriatic.
The language was preserved until today only in the aforementioned three villages, although several villages in Molise and Abruzzo region are aware of their Slavic ancestry. The existence of this Slavic colony was unknown outside Italy until 1855 when Medo Pucić, a linguist from Dubrovnik, during one of his journeys in Italy overheard a tailor in Naples speaking with his wife in a language very similar to Pucić's own. The tailor then told him that he came from the village of Kruč, then part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Subsequently the Gajica, the modern Croatian alphabet, was adopted to the language. Croatian linguist Milan Rešetar published a comprehensive monography about Molise Slavic under title "Serbo-croatian Colony in Southern Italy" ("Die Serbokroatischen Kolonien Süditaliens") Vienna 1911, Italian translation: "Le colonie serbocroate nell'Italia Meridionale", Campobasso 1997.
The language is highly Italianized. As has been mentioned above, the literati generally borrow forgotten words from modern (ijekavian - the dialect is ikavian) Croatian, but the obligatory Italian translations are seen to follow these words in print. It also retains many archaic features. As the colony was established before the discovery of America, all the names of animals and plants introduced from the Americas are borrowed from Italian or created from whole cloth.
The language is taught in primary schools and the signs in villages are bilingual.
An outline of features
- The analytic do + genitive replaces the synthetic independent genitive.
- do superseded od.
- Slavic verb aspect is preserved, except in the past tense imperfective verbs are attested only in the Slavic imperfect tense (bihu, they were), and perfective verbs only in the perfect tense (je izaša, he came out). There is no colloquial imperfect in the modern West South Slavic languages.
- Slavic conjunctions superseded by Italian or local ones: ke (Cr. što, what, also ke - Cr. da, that); e, oš (Cr i, and); ma (Cr. ali, no, but); si (Cr. ako, if).
- An indefinite article is in regular use: na, often written 'na.
- Structural changes in genders. Notably, njevog does not agree with the possessor's gender (Cr. njegov or njen, his or her).
- The perfective enclitic is tightly bound to the verb and always stands before it: je izaša (Cr. facul. je izašao or izašao je).
Sample
A sentence from Matteo Ferrante's "Dva Kumovlja": "'Na dan je se usta e, umjesto za se nabučit' kako druge istre e poći van za kopat' trsje, je se vrga 'nu bilu košulju,..."- Croatian umjesto, instead of;
- Literary Croatian bijel, white.
SIN MOJ
Mo prosič solite saki dan
ma što činiš, ne govoreš maj
je funia dan, je počela noča,
maneštra se mrzli za te čeka.
Letu vlase e tvoja mat
gleda vane za te vit.
Boli život za sta zgoro,
ma samo mat te hoče dobro.
Sin moj!
Nimam već suze za još plaka
nimam već riče za govorat.
Srce se guli za te misli
što ti prodava, oni ke sve te išće!
Palako govoru, čelkadi saki dan,
ke je dola droga na vi grad.
Sin moj!
Tvoje oč, bihu toko lipe,
sada jesu mrtve,
Boga ja molim, da ti živiš
droga ja hočem da ti zabiš,
doma te čekam, ke se vrniš,
Solite ke mi prosiš,
kupiš paradis, ma smrtu platiš.
See also
Literature
- Aranza, Josip (1892), Woher die südslavischen Colonien in Süditalien (Archiv für slavische Philologie, XIV, pagg. 78-82, Berlin 1892)
- Badurina, Teodoro (1950), Rotas Opera Tenet Arepo Sator (Roma, 1950)
- Barone, Charles, La parlata croata di Acquaviva Collecroce. Studio fonetico e fonologico, Firenze, Leo S. Olschki Editore, MCMXCV, p. 206 (Accademia toscana di scienze e lettere »La Colombaria«. »Studi CXLVI)
- Breu, W. (1990), Sprache und Sprachverhalten in den slavischen Dörfern des Molise (Süditalien). In: W. BREU (a cura di), Slavistische Linguistik 1989. München, 35 65
- Breu, W. (1998), Romanisches Adstrat im Moliseslavischen. In: Die Welt der Slaven 43, 339-354
- Breu, W. / Piccoli, G. con la collaborazione di Snježana Marčec (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce. Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso. Dizionario, registri, grammatica, testi. Campobasso
- Breu, W. (2003a), Bilingualism and linguistic interference in the Slavic-Romance contact area of Molise (Southern Italy). In: R. ECKARDT et al. (a cura di), Words in Time. Diacronic Semantics from Different Points of View. Berlin/New York, 351-373
- Breu, W. a cura di (2005), L'influsso dell'italiano sulla grammatica delle lingue minoritarie. Università della Calabria. In questo volume: W. Breu, Il sistema degli articoli nello slavo molisano: eccezione a un universale tipologico, 111-139; A. Marra, Mutamenti e persistenze nelle forme di futuro dello slavo molisano, 141-166; G. Piccoli, L'influsso dell'italiano nella sintassi del periodo del croato (slavo) molisano, 167-175.
- Gliosca, N. (2004). Poesie di un vecchio quaderno (a cura di G. Piscicelli). In: Komoštre/Kamastra. Rivista bilingue di cultura e attualità delle minoranze linguistiche degli Arbëreshë e Croati del Molise 8/3, 8-9.
- Heršak, Emil (1982), ''Hrvati u talijanskoj pokrajini Molise", Teme o iseljeništvu. br. 11, Zagreb: Centar za istraživanje migracija, 1982, 49 str. lit 16.
- Hraste, Mate (1964), Govori jugozapadne Istre (Zagreb, 1964)
- Muljačić, Žarko (1996), Charles Barone, La parlata croata di Acquaviva Collecroce (189-190), »Čakavska rič« XXIV (1996) • br. 1-2 • Split • siječanj - prosinac 1996.
- Piccoli A. / Sammartino A. (2000), Dizionario croato-molisano di Montemitro, Fondazione “Agostina Piccoli”, Montemitro – Matica hrvatska, Zagreb
- Reissmüller, Johann Georg (1969) Slavenske riječi u Apeninima (Frankfurter Allgemeine, n. 212 del 13.11.1969
- Rešetar, M. (1997), Le colonie serbocroate nell'Italia meridionale. A cura di W. Breu e M. Gardenghi (traduzione italiana dell'originale tedesco Die Serbokroatischen Kolonien Süditaliens, Wien 1911 con prefazione, note e bibliografia aggiornata). Campobasso
- Sammartino A. (2004), Grammatica della lingua croatomolisana, Fondazione “Agostina Piccoli”, Montemitro – Profil international, Zagreb
- Žanić, Ivo, Nemojte zabit naš lipi jezik! , Nedjeljna Dalmacija, Split, 18. ožujka 1984. (18. marzo 1984)
External links
- [Porijeklo prezimena o Moliski hrvati u Mundimitru/Origins of surnames of Croats in Mundimitar]
- [UNESCO Red Book on endangered languages and dialects: Europe]
- [Schede sulle minoranze tutelate dalla legge 482/1999] Minority languages in Italy (site of University in Udine, in Italian)
- [Le Croate en Italie]
- [Molisian Slavic at the University of Konstanz (Germany)]
- [Download of the Italian Version (1997 © Walter Breu) of Milan Rešetar's Book (1911)]
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