Names of the Levant

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Over recorded history, there have been many names of the Levant. These names have applied to a part or the whole of the Levant. On occasion, two or more of these names have been used at the same time by different cultures or sects. As a natural result, some of the names of the Levant are highly politically-charged. Perhaps the least politicized name is Levant itself, which simply means "where the sun rises" or "where the land rises out of the sea", a meaning attributed to the region's easterly location on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.

Contents

1 Retjenu
2 Canaan
3 Phoenicia
4 Israel
5 Assyria and Syria
6 Philistia and Palestine
7 ash-Sham
8 Levant
9 Outremer
10 Holy Land
11 Near East/ Ancient Near East

Retjenu

The ancient Egyptians called the Levant Retjenu.

Canaan

Canaanite כנען k·n·ʻ·n
Assyrian Akkadian Kinahnu
Arabic کنعان Kanʻān
Greek Χανααν, Khanaan
Turkish Kenan
Standard Hebrew כְּנַעַן Kənáʻan
Tiberian Hebrew כְּנַעַן / כְּנָעַן Kənáʻan / Kənāʻan

Before and during the early Hebrew settlements in the region, the land was called Canaan (first recorded in Assyrian Akkadian as Kinahnu), and its indigenous people were the Canaanites. The Phœnicians, who spoke a Canaanite language at their Mediterranean ports, also called themselves and their land Canaan.

Phoenicia

Turkish Finike
Greek Φοινίκη, Phoiníkē
Arabic فينيقية Fīnīqyah
Latin Phœnicia
Standard Hebrew פִינִיקִיָּה Finiqiyya

In ancient times, the Greeks called the whole of Canaan Phoenicia. Today, the general consensus associates the Phoenician homeland proper with the northwest coastal region of the Levant, centered at Phoenician cities such as Ugarit, Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos. Today, this place is usually equated with modern Lebanon and the coast of modern Syria. Also there is modern town in Turkey called Finike which is thought to have derived by the Lycians who were doing trade with Phoenicians in ancient times.

Israel

Tiberian Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל Yiśrāʼēl
Standard Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisraʼel
Arabic اسرائيل Isrāʼīl
Turkish İsrail
Canaanite ישראל y·ś·r·ʼ·l
Greek Ισραηλ, Israēl
Latin Israël

For a brief period of several decades, the Kingdom of Israel under David and Solomon ruled the majority of Canaan, though not most of the Phœnician and Philistine coastal lands. Today the modern State of Israel controls this area. "Greater Israel" refers to a larger area that is supported by some nationalists.

Assyria and Syria

Assyria
* Canaanite אשור ʼ·š·w·r
* Tiberian Hebrew אַשּׁוּר ʼAššûr
* Standard Hebrew אַשּׁוּר Aššur
Syria
* Greek Συρια, Syria
* Turkish Suriye
* Arabic سوريّة Sūriyyah
* Standard Hebrew סוּרִיָּה Suriyya

During Persian rule of the Middle-east, the Greeks and Romans came to call the region Syria, believed to have been named after Assyria and the Aramaic language they spread over the entire region. Herodotus used the combined name "Syria Palaistina". "Greater Syria" refers to a larger area that is supported by some nationalists.

Philistia and Palestine

Philistia
* Canaanite פלשת p·l·š·t
* Tiberian Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת / פְּלָשֶׁת Pəléšeṯ / Pəlāšeṯ
* Standard Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת / פְּלָשֶׁת Pəléšet / Pəlášet
Palestine
* Turkish Filistin
* Greek Παλαιστινα, Palaistina
* Latin Palæstina
* Arabic فلسطين Filasṭīn
* Standard Hebrew פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה Palestina†
* Standard Hebrew פִלַסְטִין Filastin†

Palestine derives from Philistia and its Philistine people, first recorded by the ancient Egyptians as a member of the invading Sea Peoples or Peleset. Though originally applied only to the southwest coast where the Philistines lived, later Herodotus called the whole area "Syria Palaistina". The Romans used it to refer to the southern part of the region, and the name was carried on as a province name by the Byzantines and Arabs. However, after Greek times it is usually reserved for only the southern portion of the Levant.

†As a side note, Standard Hebrew has two names for Palestine, both of which are different from the Hebrew name for ancient Philistia. The first name Palestina was used by Hebrew speakers in the British Mandate of Palestine; it is spelled like the name for Philistia but with three more letters added to the end and a Latin pronunciation given. The second name Filastin is a direct loan from the Arabic form, and is used today specifically to refer to the modern Palestinians and to political aspirations for a Palestinian state.

ash-Sham

Arabic الشام aš-Šām

The name ash-Sham comes from an Arabic root meaning "left" or "north" — became the name of the Levant, and its capital of the time Damascus, under the Caliphate.

Levant

Medieval Italians called the region the Levant, after its easterly location where the sun "rises"; it was adopted from Italian and French into many other languages including Turkish which is Levent.

Outremer

Frankish Crusaders called the Levant Outremer in French, which simply means "overseas." In France, this general term was colloquially applied more specifically to the Levant because of heavy Frankish involvement in the Crusades and the foundation of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and other Latin settlements scattered throughout the area.

Holy Land

Hebrew ארץ הקדש ʼ·r·ṣ h·q·d·š
Latin Terra Sancta
Tiberian Hebrew אֶרֶץ הַקֹּדֶשׁ ʼÉreṣ haqQōḏeš
Standard Hebrew אֶרֶץ הַקֹּדֶשׁ Éreẓ haQódeš

The Holy Land is a somewhat neutral term used in Judeo-Christian tradition to refer to the holy sites of the Levant — especially Shiloh, Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth — but is also often used to refer to the Levant (and historical Canaan) as a whole. Note that this term in Islam refers not only to the Levant, but to the Arabian region of Hijaz where the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah are located.

Near East/ Ancient Near East

Archaeologists and historians often refer to the Levant and surrounding areas as the Near East, referring to its geographical relation to the (sub)continent of Europe.

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