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Around the year 930 AD, as Ngô Quyen (吳權) rose to power, northern Vietnam was a province and vassal state of China and was referred to as Giao Chi (交趾). Every year the governor/administrator of Giao Chi had to pay tribute and give offerings to China. During the beginning of the 900s, China was plagued and weakened by internal in-fighting during what is known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.  The celestial emperor of China thus has his mind and hands full of problems in the North.  Giao Chi took this opportunity to proclaim its independence and self government. Under the administration of Dương Định Nghe (楊延藝), this took place.





Contents





Dương Định (Dien) Nghe (楊延藝), 
Dương Định Nghe was the Chinese administrator around 930 AD. Previously, he had been considered a skillful, talented general under Khuc Hao (曲顥), descendant of the Khuc family dynasty who had wrestled with the Chinese for control of the nation for 3 generations in the early 900s. Dương Định Nghe's rule was challenged and defeated by his general Kieu Cong Tien (矯公羡) who was elevated to the post of governor/administrator but who would not remain in a position of power for long. 



Tien Ngô Vương (前吳王) or Ngô Vương (吳王), reign: 
Ngô Quyen (897-944) was Dương Định Nghe's favorite and most loyal general. He served under Dương Định Nghe's command and married one of his daughters. After he saw his mentor and father-in-law killed, Ngô Quyen sought revenge.  He challenged and defeated Kieu Cong Tien in 938. The latter, before his death and battle with Ngô Quyen, had sent an emissary to China to ask for help. The Chinese emperor sent an army to the South to rescue Cong Tien in 939. Ngô Quyen had been warned of their coming and waited at Bạch Đằng River to destroy the Chinese army, the first of his many victories at the famous river. Ngô Quyen then ascended to the throne and took the name Ngô Vương. He moved the capital back to Co Loa Thanh. He reigned for only 5 years till 944, when he died at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious emperor to reorganize the country. Nevertheless Ngô Vương ushered in a new Vietnamese era of continuous independence and self-governance.


1st Battle of Bạch Đằng Giang (白藤江):
To defeat the Chinese army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Vương cleverly planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attacked of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide in order to conceal the spikes beneath the water and after a few hours of holding the enemy in place, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the boats. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with fire attacks, which annihilated the huge warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed. This tactic was repeated again during the Trần Dynasty by Trần Hưng Đạo against the third Mongol Invasion.



Dương Tam Kha (楊三哥), reign: 
Before his death, Ngô Vương's wish was to see his brother-in-law Dương Tam Kha act as regent for his son Ngô Xương Ngap (吳昌岌). However Ngô Vương's wish was not fulfilled. Dương Tam Kha usurped the throne and proclaimed himself "Binh Vương" (平王).  He took Ngô Xuong Ngap's younger brother, Ngô Xương Van as his adopted son and made him heir to the throne. Fearing for his life, Ngô Xuoung Ngap went into hiding with his retinue. Dương Tam Kha's reign was unpopular and many revolts and rebellions sprung up across the country.  



Hau Ngô Vương (後吳王): Nam Tan Vuong (南晉王) & Thien Sach Vuong (天策王), co-reign: 
Ngô Xương Van (吳昌文) deposed Dương Tam Kha in 950 and styled himself "Nam Tan Vương." Out of respect for his uncle, Ngô Xương Van did not have him killed, but merely demoted him and sent him into exile.  Ngô Xương Van then searched out his older brother Ngô Xương Ngap in order to share the throne with him. After arriving at the capital, Ngô Xương Ngap styled himself "Thien Sach Vuong."



Thien Sach Vuong (天策王)，reign: 
Brought back by his younger brother Ngô Xương Van to the throne, Ngô Xương Ngap soon abused his rights as the oldest son and began to rule Giao Chi as dictator. The country was ripe for open rivalries between different lords who fought each other to become the next successor. 



Ngô Su Quan (吳使君)，reign: 
After Ngô Xương Ngap's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xi (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xi was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the annoucnement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the Thap Nhi Su Quan (十二使君) Rebellion.



\"The 12 Lords Rebellion\" or \"Thap Nhi Su Quan (十二使君) Rebellion\" (965-968)

The 12 Lords were:


References



  1. Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, by Ngo Si Lien (大越史記全書。吳士連編。内閣官板)
  2. Viet Nam Su Luoc, by Tran Trong Kim
  3. Viet Su Toan Thu, by Pham Van Son








 





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