Niagara Movement
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The Niagara Movement was founded in 1905 by a group of 32 African-Americans, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter. They called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood. Buffalo residents William and Mary B. Talbert helped DuBois and Trotter locate a suitable venue for the inaugural meeting, which took place in Fort Erie, Ontario, from July 11 until July 14, 1905. They met on the Canadian side of the Niagara River because DuBois specifically desired a resort-like setting.
The movement renounced Booker T. Washington's accommodation policies set forth in his Atlanta Compromise speech, delivered in 1895. Their second meeting was held at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, the site of John Brown's raid.
The Niagara Movement eventually became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.
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