Nomad

For other senses of this word, see nomad (disambiguation).

Kazakh nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, ca. 1910

Pastoral nomads camping near Namtso in 2005

Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but nomadic behaviour is increasingly rare in industrialised countries. There are three kinds of nomads, hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and peripatetic nomads. Nomadic hunter-gatherers have by far the longest-lived subsistence method in human history, following seasonally available wild plants and game. Pastoralists raise herds and move with them so as not to deplete pasture beyond recovery in any one area. Peripatetic nomads are more common in industrialised nations travelling from place to place offering a trade wherever they go.

Contents

1 Nomadic hunter-gatherers

1.1 Examples of nomadic hunter-gatherers

2 Pastoral Nomads

2.1 Origin of nomadic pastoralsm
2.2 Examples of pastoral nomads

3 Traditionally nomadic people in industrialized nations
4 Nomadism unique to industrialized nations
5 See also
6 Further reading

Nomadic hunter-gatherers

For more than one million years before domestication, nomadic hunter-gatherers moved from campsite to campsite following game and wild fruits and vegetables. This lifestyle consisted of staying for a period at a campsite, and then picking up and leaving when the food moved.

Examples of nomadic hunter-gatherers

"Pygmies"
"Bushmen" of southern Africa
Many Native Americans prior to Western contact
All Indigenous Australians prior to Western contact

Pastoral Nomads

The term "nomad" most often refers to one whose subsistence is based upon domestication of animals. This nomadic pastoralism is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied population growth and an increase in the complexity of social organization. Sadr has proposed the following stages:

Pastoralism This is a mixed economy with a symbiosis within the family.
Agropastoralism This is when symbiosis is between segments or clans within an ethnic group.
True Nomadism This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, mostly it starts between specialized nomadic and agricultural populations.

Origin of nomadic pastoralsm

Nomadic pastoralism seems to have developed as a part of the secondary products revolution proposed by Kurt Flannery, in which early pre-pottery neolithic cultures, that had used animals in order to store live meat (on the hoof) began also using animals for their secondary products, for example, milk, wool, hides, manure and traction.

The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 6200 - 6000 BC in the area of the southern Levant. There during a period of increasing aridity, PPNB cultures in the Sinai were replaced by a nomadic pastoral pottery using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between a newly arrived mesolithic people from Egypt (the Harifian culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock. This quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-Arabian nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly assocoated with the appearance of Semitic languages in the region of the Ancient Near East. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the Yamnaya culture of the horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe, or of the Turko-Mongol spread of the later Middle Ages.

Examples of pastoral nomads

Traditionally nomadic people in industrialized nations

Roma and Sinti
* Kalderash
* Gitano (AKA Cale)
* Manush (AKA Sinti)
* Romnichal
Irish Travellers
Some Saami communities