Nor-Peruvian Republic

Encyclopedia : N : NO : NOR : Nor-Peruvian Republic

Nor-Peruvian Republic

Flag of the Nor-Peruvian Republic

Nor-Peruvian Republic within the Confederation

Capital

Lima

Created

August 11, 1836

Dissolved

August 25, 1839

Demonym

Nor-Peruvian

The Nor-Peruvian Republic (also styled Republic of the North of Peru, or North-Peruvian Republic) was a short-lived state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839. The Republic was formed from the division of the Republic of Peru into a Nor-Peruvian Republic and Sud-Peruvian Republic. After its creation it joined the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and existed as a part of such until it fell apart after being defeated by Chile in the War of the Confederation.

Contents

1 Background
2 Creation
3 Structure of the Republic
4 Development and dissolution
5 See also
6 External links

Background

The Peru-Bolivian Confederation was a plan that attempted to reunite the Alto Peru ("Upper Peru", now Bolivia) and Bajo Peru ("Lower Peru", now simply Peru) into a single political and economic entity. Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz promoted an ambitious project to reunite this two territories on the basis of a confederacy. This integration was based not only on historical, cultural and ethnic reasons, but also on sound economic motives. The union was trying to restore the ancient commercial routes and promote a policy of open markets.

As President of Bolivia, Santa Cruz instigated several failed plots to achieve a political union with Peru, taking advantage of that country's chronic political unrest. His best opportunity came in 1835 when the Peruvian President General Luis Orbegoso requested his assistance to fight the rebel armies of Generals Agustín Gamarra and Felipe Santiago Salaverry. Santa Cruz defeated Peruvian caudillo Gamarra at the Battle of Yanacocha on August 13, 1835 and Salaverry at the Battle of Socabaya on February 7, 1836.

With Bolivian help, General Orbegoso quickly regained his leadership throughout the country and had Salaverry summarily executed. In retribution to the support he received from Santa Cruz, he acceeded to the formation of the new Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Santa Cruz assumed the Supreme Protectorship of the confederation and Orbegoso maintained only the presidency of the newly created Nor-Peruvian State.

Creation

At the instigation of Santa Cruz, a Congress of the Peruvian northern departments (Amazonas, Junín, La Libertad and Lima) gathered at Huaura founded the Nor-Peruvian Republic on August 11, 1836. Then, together with South Peru, they recognized Santa Cruz as Supreme Protector with extensive powers that enabled him to create the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on October 28, 1836. Santa Cruz then summoned to the city of Tacna representatives of both legislatures together with those of the Bolivian Congress assembled at Tapacarí to establish a Constitution for the new State. Under his direction, they signed a pact on May 1, 1837 which named him Supreme Protector for a ten-year period.

Structure of the Republic

There was, from 1837 until the dissolution, a Provisional President and a Congress, both with limited powers and under the control of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz who was styled the Supreme Protector.

First President: General Luis Orbegoso (August 21, 1837 - July 30, 1838.) He declared secession of the Nor-Peruvian Republic from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on July 30, 1838 but continued as Provisional President until September 1, 1838

Second President: General José de la Riva Agüero (August 1, 1838 - January 24, 1839)

Development and dissolution

Invested with considerable powers, Santa Cruz endeavoured to establish in Peru the same type of authoritarian order he had imposed in Bolivia. He issued a Civil Code, a Penal Code, a Trade Regulation, a Customs Regulation and reorganized tax collection procedures allowing an increase in state revenues while restraining expenditures.

However, the Confederation generated resistances among several groups in both countries, which resented the dilution of national identities, and also among neighbouring countries. An important number of Peruvian politicians opposed to the idea of the Confederation fled to Chile where they received support and this led to the War of the Confederation. Chile declared war on December 28, 1836 and Argentina followed suit on May 9, 1837. The Chilean military expedition against Santa Cruz, led by Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada failed and had to submit to the signature of the Treaty of Paucarpata, on November 17, 1837. The Chilean government then organized a second expedition, which defeated the Supreme Protector at the Battle of Yungay on January 20, 1839 and forced the dissolution of the Confederation. On August 25, 1839 General Agustín Gamarra after assuming as president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and of the merging of the Nor and Sud-Peruvian Republics into one to be called again Peru, and separated from Bolivia.

External links

[History of the Flag]