Okinawa Prefecture

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"Okinawa" redirects here. For , see .

is Japan's southernmost prefecture, and consists of hundreds of the Ryūkyū Islands in a chain over 1,000 km long, which extends southwest from Kyūshū (the southwesternmost of Japan's main four islands) to Taiwan. Okinawa's capital, Naha, is located in the southern part of the largest and most populous island, Okinawa Island, which is approximately half-way between Kyūshū and Taiwan. The disputed Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Islands) are also administered as part of Okinawa Prefecture.

Contents

History

The islands that now make up Okinawa Prefecture were formerly not part of Japan, but part of an independent nation called the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Currently they include the main island of Okinawa and the Yaeyama and Miyako island groups. Okinawa's location in the East China Sea, and relatively close proximity to Japan, Korea, China and South East Asia allowed the Ryūkyū Kingdom to become a prosperous trading nation. The many castle ruins that dot the island date from this period. However, in 1609 the Japanese Satsuma clan, who controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Following this invasion, the Ryūkyū Kingdom was forced to enter into a tribute-trade relationship with Japan in addition to their previous tribute-trade relationship with China. Satsuma maintained the pretense of Ryūkyūan sovereignty in order to access the China trade that had been severely restricted by this time. Though Satsuma maintained strong influence over the Ryūkyū Kingdom, the Ryūkyū Kingdom maintained a large degree of political independence. In 1879, following the Meiji Restoration, the Ryūkyū Kingdom was forcefully incorporated into Japan as a colony known as Okinawa Prefecture.

Following the end of World War II and the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, for 27 years Okinawa was under United States administration. During this time the US military established numerous bases on Okinawa Honto and elsewhere.

On May 15, 1972, Okinawa once again became part of Japan, although to this day the United States maintains a large military presence there. While they provide a minor source of employment for the island's 1.3 million residents, the bases have generated considerable tension due to air, noise and ground pollution and risks of accidents. Consequent problems of military crimes (including extraterritoriality), a distorted base-dependent local economy, and other issues continue to arise in Okinawa, and have their roots arising from the early post-war period. On September 4, 1995, three U.S. servicemen raped a 12-year old girl, sparking off some of the largest anti-military protests in recent history.[link]

See also Ryukyuan history.

Geography

Major islands

Okinawa's inhabited islands are typically divided into three geographical archipelagos. From northeast to southwest:

The islands of Okinawa Prefecture

Miyako Islands
* Miyako-jima

Cities

Okinawa Prefecture includes 11 cities.

Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages in each district.

Mergers

On April 1, 2002, the villages of Gushikawa and Nakazato from Shimajiri merged to form the new town of Kumejima.

On April 1, 2005, the cities of Gushikawa and Ishikawa and the towns of Katsuren and Yonashiro (both from Nakagami District) merged to form the new city of Uruma. Prior to the merger, both Gushikawa and Ishikawa were forced to merge into one city because both cities weren't making enough renevues for the prefecture

On October 1, 2005, the city of Hirara and the towns of Irabu, Gusukube, Shimoji and the village of Ueno (all from Miyako District) merged to form the new city of Miyakojima.

On January 1, 2006, the town of Kochinda and the village of Gushikami from Shimajiri District merged to form the new town of Yaese. [(Merger Information Page)]

On January 1, 2006, the town of Sashiki and the villages of Tamagusuku, Chinen and Ozato (all from Shimajiri District) merged to form the new city of Nanjo. [(Merger Information Page)]

Demography

Okinawa prefecture age pyramid as of 1 October 2003
(per 1000's of people)

Age	People
0-4	84
5-9	85
10-14	87
15-19	94
20-24	91
25-29	97
30-34	99
35-39	87
40-44	91
45-49	96
50-54	100
55-59	64
60-64	65
65-69	66
70-74	53
75-79	37
80 +	55

Okinawa Prefecture age pyramid, divided by sex, as of 1 October 2003
(per 1000's of people)

Men	Age	Women
43	0-4	41
44	5-9	41
45	10-14	42
48	15-19	46
46	20-24	45
49	25-29	48
49	30-34	50
43	35-39	44
46	40-44	45
49	45-49	47
52	50-54	48
32	55-59	32
32	60-64	33
32	65-69	34
24	70-74	29
14	75-79	23
17	80 +	38

Source: [Japan Statistics Bureau (総務省統計局)]

Climate and nature

Gusuku Ruins

The island is largely composed of coral rock, and rainwater filtering through that coral has given the island many caves, which played an important role in the Battle of Okinawa. Gyokusendo, an extensive limestone cave in the southern part of Okinawa Honto, is a popular tourist attraction.

Okinawa is said to have the most beautiful beaches in all of Japan and normally enjoys above 20 degree Celsius weather for most of the year. Many coral reefs are found in this region of Japan and wildlife is abundant. Sea turtles return yearly to the southern islands of Okinawa to lay their eggs. The summer months carry warnings to swimmers regarding poisonous jellyfish and other dangerous sea creatures. Okinawa is a major producer of sugar cane, pineapples, papayas and other tropical fruits.

Okinawa has a very large proportion of population living to one hundred years of age. It is attributed to their healthy diet rich in pork, sea vegetables, and fish.

Language and culture

Shisa on a traditional tile roof

Awamori pots

"Ishiganto"—a stone that wards off evil spirits. Yomitan, Okinawa

Having historically been a separate nation, Okinawan language and culture differ considerably from that of mainland Japan. There remain numerous Ryukyuan languages which are more-or-less incomprehensible to Japanese speakers. These languages are in decline as the Japanese government has encouraged the use of Standard Japanese. Okinawa also has its own religious beliefs.

Due to its location and history, Okinawa is also more ethnically diverse than other parts of Japan. Okinawans are a unique blend of Malay from Formosa and Philippines, Chinese from China, and Japanese (Yamato) from Japan. Culturally, they are closer to Filipino and Chinese than mainland Japanese. Perhaps Okinawa's most famous cultural export is karate, probably a product of the close ties with, and influence of China on Okinawan culture. Karate is thought to be a synthesis of Chinese kung fu with traditional Okinawan martial arts. A ban on weapons in Okinawa for two long periods in its history also very likely contributed to its development.

Another traditional Okinawan product that owes its existence to Okinawa's trading history is awamori—an Okinawan distilled spirit made from indica rice imported from Thailand.

The people of Okinawa maintain a strong tradition of pottery.

Other prominent examples of Okinawan culture include the sanshin, a three-stringed Okinawan instrument, closely related to the Chinese sanxian, and ancestor of the Japanese shamisen, somewhat similar to a banjo. Its body is often bound with snakeskin (from pythons, imported from elsewhere in Asia, rather than from Okinawa's poisonous habu, which are too small for this purpose, but are sometimes used to make habu awamori). Okinawan culture also features the eisa dance, a traditional drumming dance. A traditional craft, the fabric named bingata, is made in workshops on the main island and elsewhere.

Karate

Karate originated on Okinawa. There are several styles, among them being Shotokan, Shorin-Ryu, Uechi Ryu, Goju Ryu, and Shorinjiryu.

In popular culture

Yukie Nakama, popular Japanese TV drama, movie actress and singer, is from Okinawa prefecture.
Gackt, popular rock/pop musician is from Okinawa prefecture.
Orange Range, a very successful and popular alternative rock group are from Okinawa.
Namie Amuro, popular Japanese singer, is from Okinawa Prefecture.
The Kitano Takeshi movie Sonatine is largely set on Okinawa.
The Karate Kid, Part II, starring Pat Morita and Ralph Macchio, is set in Okinawa, but was actually shot in Hawaii.
The Japanese televised drama series Ruri no Shima is largely set on a small island in Okinawa, with additional shooting done in Naha.
Hattori Hanzo, a fictional character from the Kill Bill series (named after the historical Hattori Hanzo) lives in Okinawa.

Architecture

A traditional Okinawan house

Okinawa has many remains of a unique type of castle or fortress called Gusuku. These are believed to be the predecessors of Japan's castles. Whereas most homes in Japan are made with wood and allow free-flow of air to combat humidity, typical modern homes in Okinawa are made from concrete with barred windows (protection from flying plant matter) to deal with regular typhoons. Roofs are also designed with strong winds in mind, with each tile cemented on and not merely layered as seen with many homes elsewhere in Japan.

Many roofs also display a roundish statue of a lion or dragon, called a shisa, which is said to protect the home from danger. Roofs are typically red in color and are inspired by Chinese design.

Transportation

Air transportation

Aguni Airport
Hateruma Airport
Ieshima Airport
Ishigaki Airport
Kerama Airport
Kita Daito Airport
Kumejima Airport
Minami Daito Airport
Miyako Airport
Naha Airport
Shimojijima Airport
Tarama Airport
Yonaguni Airport

Highways

Okinawa Expressway
Naha Airport Expressway
Route 58
Route 329
Route 330
Route 331
Route 332
Route 390
Route 449
Route 505
Route 506
Route 507

Rail

Okinawa Monorail
See also Rail transportation in Okinawa

Ports

The major ports of Okinawa include

Naha Port [link]
Port of Unten [link]
Port of Kinwan [link]
Nakagusukuwan Port [link]
Hirara Port [link]
Port of Ishigaki [link]

United States military installations

Kadena Air Base
Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler [(link)]
* Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
* Camp Courtney
* Camp Foster
* Camp Hansen
* Camp Kinser
* Camp Mctureous
* Camp Schwab
* Northern Training Area
Naha Military Port
Naval Facility White Beach
Naval Hospital, Okinawa
Torii Station
Camp Shields

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

[Special]

[mahae plus - Okinawa Travel Information]

News
* [Japan Update], news and information about Okinawa in English (updated every so often)
* [Okinawa 1988-1991] Blog, reporting news about Okinawa.

Geography and maps
* [Google Maps]

Culture
* [Ryukyu Cultural Archives]
* [Okinawa Prefecture Official Home-page]
* [The Okinawa Centenarian Study]

History
* [Kumejima Okinawa] - MSN group site dedicated to the US battle for Okinawa in World War 2.

Misc
*[The Contemporary Okinawa Website] - History, culture, news, book reviews, historical documents, links, opinions
* [Okinawa Geocaching] - site for geocaching (treasure hunt with GPS) in Okinawa.
* [Okinawa Peace Network of Los Angeles] - Useful information on the U.S. military base controversy.

Coordinates: [26°11′N 127°33′E]

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