Old Great Bulgaria

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A state east of the Dnieper River, west of the Lower Volga River and north of the Caucasus established by Khan Kubrat of the clan of Dulo. Kubrat was the leader of a Bulgar tribe. In 635 he led the Bulgars in an insurrection against the Turkic Khaganate and established his capital in Phanagoria.

After Kubrat's death around 665, his son Batbayan was left in charge of the Khaganate, but it soon splintered. Another son Kotrag left to the Middle Volga (and later established the Volga Bulgarian state), another son Kouber with other part seceded in Pannonia into the Avarian Khaganate and later, after being evicted from Pannonia, settled in Macedonia, while other Bulgars in that region sought refuge with the Lombards. Out of the turmoil, Asparuh, the youngest son of the Khagan, emerged as the most prominent figure, leading his Bulgars out of the federation and south across the Danube to establish there the state of Bulgaria.

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