Operation Compass

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Western Desert Campaign
Compass – Sonnenblume – Tobruk – Brevity – Battleaxe – Crusader – Gazala – Bir Hakeim – 1st Alamein – Alam Halfa – Agreement – 2nd Alamein
Operation Compass was a World War II Allied military operation in the Western Desert Campaign. Italian troops had advanced from their colony of Libya into British-controlled Egypt, and occupied Sidi Barrani. On December 8 1940, British Army, and Indian Army forces under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor attacked against the Italian rear, via a gap in the defenses south of Sidi Barrani. Planning of the operation (and discovery of the gap) is often credited to Brigadier Eric Dorman-Smith, who served as an adviser to O'Connor, although this is disputed.

Western Desert Campaign
Compass – Sonnenblume – Tobruk – Brevity – Battleaxe – Crusader – Gazala – Bir Hakeim – 1st Alamein – Alam Halfa – Agreement – 2nd Alamein

As a counter-espionage measure, many of the troops involved were not informed that the operation wasn't an exercise, until they were very nearly engaged in combat. The attack was supported by 25 Pounder artillery and Blenheim bombers and was centered on the advance of Matilda Mk.II tanks. Within an hour of the onset of combat, Italian General Pietro Maletti would be dead and 4,000 Italian soldiers would surrender. Within three days, 237 artillery, 73 tanks, and 38,300 soldiers would be captured. The attacking forces would move west along the Via della Vittoria, through Halfaya Pass, and capture Fort Capuzzo, Libya.

The Italians were not expecting counterattack. Several large Italian units were surrounded and cut of from their supply, resulting to their surrender after some hard fighting.

O'Connor wanted to continue attacking, at least as far as Benghazi; however, General Wavell had ordered the Indian 4th Infantry Division to take part in an offensive against Italian forces in Italian East Africa. O'Connor would state, "[This] came as a complete and very unpleasant surprise...It put paid to the question of immediate exploitation...". The Australian 6th Division replaced the Indians but only after an inevitable pause. The attack would eventually continue, ending with the British 7th Armoured Division cutting off the Italian retreat at Beda Fomm.

After 10 weeks the Allies had advanced 800km, destroying 400 tanks, 1,292 artillery pieces and capturing 130,000 POWs. The Allies suffered 494 dead and 1,225 wounded. However the advance stopped short of driving the Italians out of North Africa. As the advance reached El Agheila, Churchill ordered that it be stopped, and troops dispatched to defend Greece. A few weeks later the first troops of the German Afrika Korps would begin arriving in Tripoli (Operation Sonnenblume), and the desert war would take a completely different turn. ()

Quotes

Bonner Fellers: "General Wavell told me they were going to do manoeuvres, so I went up as an observer, and God dammit — it was the works."
Anonymous Coldstream Guards officer: "We have [taken prisoner] about 5 acres [20,000 m²] of officers and 200 acres [800,000 m²] of other ranks." ()

References

The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II by John Bierman and Colin Smith (2002)

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