Orders of magnitude (data)

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Orders of magnitude
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Conversion of units
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This is a list of orders of magnitude for data (or information), measured in bits. This article assumes a formal attitude towards terminology. That means two things:

A group of 8 bits in a computer is called an octet. A byte is the same for most practical purposes, but does not equal 8 bits on all computer architectures.
The decimal prefixes kilo, mega etc. are strictly powers of 10. The powers of 2 are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi etc.

Accordingly, 8192 bits of data are a kibioctet and 8000 bits are a kilooctet.

Contents

1 1 bit
2 10 bits
3 10
4 10
5 10
6 10
7 10
8 10
9 10
10 10
11 10
12 10
13 10
14 10
15 10
16 10
17 10
18 10
19 10
20 10
21 10
22 10
23 10
24 10
25 10

1 bit

1 bit – True or false

3 bits – The size of an octal digit.
4 bits – A semioctet or nibble (sometimes spelled nybble). The size of a hexadecimal digit.
5 bits – Size of code points in the Baudot code, used in telex communication.
6 bits – Size of code points in the Braille code, a tactile writing system for the blind.
7 bits – Size of code points in the ASCII character set.
8 bits – An octet. Equivalent to a byte on many computer architectures.

10 bits

10 bits – One decabit
* minimum length to store a single group of 3 decimal digits.
* minimum byte length to store a single octet with error-correcting memory.
* minimum frame length to transmit a single octet with asynchronous serial protocols.
12 bits – Wordlength of the legendary PDP-8 of Digital Equipment Corporation (built from 1965 -1990)
16 bits – In many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values.
16 bits – The "word size" (instruction length) for the various "second generation" console systems, including: Super Nintendo, Sega Genesis
32 bits (4 octets) – Size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values.
32 bits – Size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number.
32 bits – Size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol.
56 bits (7 octets) – Cipher strength of the DES encryption standard.
64 bits (8 octets) – Size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values.
64 bits – Size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number.
80 bits (10 octets) – Size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family.

10^{100 bits – One hectobit
128 bits (16 octets) – Size of addresses in IPv6, the coming Internet protocol.
* Minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm.
160 bits – Maximum key length of the SHA-1, standard Tiger (hash), and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms.
256 bits (32 octets) – Minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests in 2004.
512 bits (64 octets) – Maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004.
10^{1,024 bits (2¹⁰ bits, 128 octets) – One kibibit.
1,288 bits – Approximate maximum capacity of a standard Magnetic stripe card.
4,096 bits (2¹² bits, 512 octets) – Typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems.
4,704 bits (588 octets) – Uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz).
8,000 bits (10³ octets) – One kilooctet.
8,192 bits (2¹³ bits, 1,024 octets) – One kibioctet.
9,408 bits (1,176 octets) – Uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz.
10^{15,350 bits – one screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)
20 - 50 kbits – one page of typewritten text (uncompressed, depends on size of type and number of possible glyphs)
10^{100 kbits – approximate size of this article
10^{1,048,576 bits (2²⁰ bits) – One mebibit.
1,978,560 bits – A one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white fax (1728 × 1145 pixels).
4,147,200 bits – One frame of uncompressed NTSC DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr).
4,976,640 bits – One frame of uncompressed PAL DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr).
8,000,000 bits (10⁶ octets) – One megaoctet.
8,388,608 bits (2²³ bits, 2²⁰ octets) – One mebioctet.
10^{11,520,000 bits – Capacity of a lower-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 800 × 600 pixels, 24 bpp.
11,796,480 bits – Capacity of a 3.5" floppy disk, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes.
25 Mbits – Amount of data in a typical color slide.
25,964,951 bits – Size of the largest known Mersenne prime. All 25,964,951 bits are 1.
46,080,000 bits – Capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 1600 × 1200 pixels, 24 bpp.
50–100 megabits – Amount of information in a typical phone book.
10^{150 Mbits – Amount of data in a large foldout map.
423,360,000 bits: A 5-minute-length audio recording, in CDDA quality
10^{1,073,741,824 bits (2³⁰ bits) – One gibibit.
5.45×10⁹ bits (650 mebioctets) – Capacity of a regular compact disc.
5.89×10⁹ bits (702 mebioctets) – capacity of a large regular compact disc.
6.4×10⁹ bits – Capacity of the human genome, 3.2 billion base pairs (each pair counts 2 for 2 bits of data).
8,000,000,000 bits (10⁹ octets) – One gigaoctet.
8,589,934,592 bits (2³³ bits, 2³⁰ octets) – One gibioctet.
10^{4.04×10¹⁰ bits (4.7 gigaoctets) – capacity of a single-layer, single-sided DVD.
2.16×10¹⁰ bits (2.7 gigabytes) – size of the English Wikipedia without images ([TomeRaider_databaseCompressed it is 1.1 gibibytes]).
10^{1.46×10¹¹ bits (17 gigaoctets) – Capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered DVD.
2.15×10¹¹ bits (25 gigaoctets) – Capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12 cm Blu-ray disc
10^{10¹² bits (125 gigaoctets) – Approximate size of all Wikimedia projects.
1,099,511,627,776 bits (2⁴⁰ bits, more than 137 gigaoctets) – One tebibit.
1.6×10¹² bits (200 gigaoctets) – Capacity of a hard disk that would be considered moderately large in 2004.
(approximately) 4.12×10¹² bits (515 gibioctets) – As of 2002, data of pi to the largest number of digits ever calculated (1.24 trillion).
8,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹² octets) – One teraoctet.
8,796,093,022,208 bits (2⁴³ bits, 2⁴⁰ octets) – One tebioctet.
10^{1×10¹³ bits (1.25 teraoctets) – capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to Raymond Kurzweil in The Singularity Is Near, p. 126.
10^{1.5×10¹⁴ bits (18.75 teraoctets) – Amount of information in the Library of Congress, if it were all digitized.
10^{1,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ bits, 125 teraoctets) – One petabit
1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (2⁵⁰ bits, less than 141 teraoctets) – One pebibit
2.4×10¹⁵ bits (300 teraoctets) – Size of the Internet Archive in 2004.
8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ octets) – One petaoctet
9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (2⁵³ bits, 2⁵⁰ octets) – One pebioctet
10^{4.5×10¹⁶ bits (5.625 petaoctets) – Estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm in 2004.
10^{800,000,000,000,000,000 bits, Data's storage capacity

10^{1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁸ bits, 125 petaoctets) – One exabit
1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (2⁶⁰ bits, more than 144 petaoctets) – One exbibit
1.6×10¹⁸ bits (200 petaoctets) – Total amount of printed material in the world.
8,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁸ octets) – One exaoctet
9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (2⁶³ bits, 2⁶⁰ octets) – One exbioctet
10^{10^{10^{1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²¹ bits, 125 exaoctets) – One zettabit
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (2⁷⁰ bits, less than 148 exaoctets) – One zebibit
8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²¹ octets) – One zettaoctet
9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (2⁷³ bits, 2⁷⁰ octets) – One zebioctet
10^{1.8×10²² bits (2.25 zettaoctets) – amount of information which can be stored in 1 gram of DNA
10^{10^{1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²⁴ bits, 125 zettaoctets) – One yottabit
1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bits (2⁸⁰ bits, more than 151 zettaoctets) – One yobibit
8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²⁴ octets) – One yottaoctet
9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 bits (2⁸³ bits, 2⁸⁰ octets) – One yobioctet

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