Oud

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''For other uses, see Oud (disambiguation)

The oud, (Arabic: عود) (Turkish: ud) is a pear-shaped, stringed musical instrument, still in use in traditional Middle Eastern music.

History

The oud is regarded as a precursor to the European lute. Its name is derived from the Arabic word العود al-‘ūd 'the wood', which is probably the name of tree from which the oud was made. (The Arabic name, with the definite article, is the source of the word 'lute'.)

According to Farabi, a Persian philosopher, the oud was invented by Lamak, the sixth grandson of Adam. The legend tells that the grieving Lamak hung the body of his dead son from a tree. The first oud was inspired by the shape of his son's bleached skeleton.

The oldest pictorial record of a lute dates back to the Uruk period in Southern Mesopotamia, over 5000 years ago on a cylinder seal currently housed at the British Museum and acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon. The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. This instrument appears hundreds of times throughout Mesopotamian history and again in ancient Egypt from the 18th dynasty onwards in long- and short-neck varieties. One may see such examples at the Metropolitan Museums of New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and the British Museum on clay tables and papyrus paper. This instrument, or its close relatives, has been a part of the music-making of each of the civilizations that have existed in the Mediterranean and Gulf regions, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Persians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans.

The oud was introduced into Europe by Ziryab, where it evolved into the western-style lute.

Defining Features

• Lack of Frets: The oud, unlike many other plucked stringed instruments, does not have a fretted neck. This allows the player to be more expressive by using slides and vibrato. It also makes it easier to play the microtones of the Maqam System.
• Strings: With exceptions, the oud has eleven strings. Ten of these strings are paired together in courses of two. The eleventh, lowest string remains alone. There are many different tuning systems for the oud which are outlined below.
• pegbox: The pegbox of the oud is bent back at a 45-90° angle from the neck of the instrument
• Body: The oud's body has a staved, bowl-like back resembling the outside of half a watermelon, unlike the flat back of a guitar. This bowl allows the oud to resonate and have a more complex tone.
• Sound-holes: The oud generally has one to three sound-holes.

Regional Types

• Arabic ouds: Slightly bigger in size, slightly longer neck, lower in pitch.
• Turkish-Style ouds ("ud") (Includes instruments found in Armenia and Greece): Slightly smaller in size, slightly shorter neck, higher in pitch, brighter timbre.
• Greek "Laouto": Although this instrument appears to look much like an oud, it is very different in playing style. The laouto is mainly a rhythm instrument, with the exception of its appearance in Cretan music where it adopts a more melodic stance .The laouto is always fretted (unlike the oud).

Plectrum (Pick)

The plectrum (pick) for the oud is usually a little more than the length of an index-finger. Arabic players refer to it as a reeshe or risha, while Turkish players refer to it as a mızrap. Traditionally it is made from an eagle's feather or tortoise shell, however, plastic picks are much more commonly found today, and are considered just as effective and much cheaper. Oud players take very seriously the quality of their plectrums, often making their own out of other plastic objects, and taking great care to sand down any sharp edges in order to achieve the best sound possible.

Oud Tunings

There are many different tuning options for the oud. All tunings are presented from the lowest course/single string to the highest course. The following tunings are from [Lark in the Morning] and [Oud Cafe]:

Arabic Oud Tunings

• D G A D G C
• C F A D G C
• C E A D G C
• F A D G C F

Turkish oud (\"ud\") and

• Old Turkish Classical Tuning: A D E A D G
• New Turkish Classical Tuning: F# B E A D G
• Turkish\Armenian Style Tuning: E A B E A D
• Turkish\Armenian Style Tuning Variant: C# F# B E A D
• Standard Cümbüş Tuning: D E A D G C

List of famous oud players

• Farid el-Atrache (Syria/Egypt)
• Samir Joubran (Palestine)
• Hamza El Din (Egypt)

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