PGA European Tour
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The PGA European Tour is a golfer-controlled organisation the main commercial purpose of which is to maximise the income of tournament golfers. It is a company limited by guarantee and is run by a professional staff but controlled by its playing members via a board of directors comprised of 12 elected past and present tour players and a tournament committee of 14 current players. As of 2006 the chairman of the board is Neil Coles and the chairman of the tournament committee is Jamie Spence. The rest of this article concerns the main European Tour. For further details on the European Seniors Tour and the Champions Tour see the relevant articles.
The European based events on the European Tour are nearly all played in Western Europe and the most lucrative of them take place in the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Spain. Of the events held in Europe only one takes place east of the former Iron Curtain.
The PGA European Tour also conducts the Ryder Cup Matches in cooperation with the PGA of America.
History
Professional golf began in Europe, specifically in Scotland. The first professionals were clubmakers and greenkeepers who also taught golf to the wealthy men who could afford to play the game (early handmade equipment was expensive) and played "challenge matches" against one another for small purses. The first multi-competitor stroke play tournament was The Open Championship, which was introduced in 1860. That year it was for professionals only, and attracted a field of eight. The following year amateurs were permitted to enter. Unlike in many other sports which originated in the United Kingdom, the amateur-professional divide never created major problems in golf, at least at the elite competitive level.Over the few decades following the creation of The Open Championship the number of golf tournaments with prize money increased slowly but steadily. Most were in the United Kingdom, but there were also several "national opens" in various countries of Continental Europe. However, for many decades it remained difficult if not impossible for golfers to earn a living from prize money alone. From 1901 the British professionals were represented by The Professional Golfers' Association, and it was this body which ultimately created the European Tour.
By the post-World War II period prize money was becoming more significant, encouraged by the introduction of television coverage. However each event was organised separately by a golf club, association, or a commercial promoter. In the U.S. a formal PGA Tour had existed since the 1930s, and in 1972 The Professional Golfers' Association introduced the PGA European Tour. In its early years the season ran for six months from April to October, and was based entirely in Europe, and mainly in Great Britain and Ireland. For example the 1972 season consisted of twenty tournaments, of which 12 were in the United Kingdom and one was in the Republic of Ireland. Of the seven events in Continental Europe, six were "national opens", namely the Dutch, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Swiss Opens. The seventh was the Madrid Open
Over the next three decades the tour gradually lengthened and globalised. 1982 saw the introduction of the first event outside of Europe, namely the Tunisian Open. In that year there were 27 tournaments and the season stretched into November for the first time. In 1984 the PGA European Tour became independent of The Professional Golfers' Association.
The European Tour has always been sensitive to the risk that its best players will leave to play on the PGA Tour: both for the higher purses it offers almost every week, and to increase their chances of glory in the three majors played in the U.S. by acclimatising and playing more on U.S.-style courses. In an attempt to counter this it introduced the "Volvo Bonus Pool" in 1988. This was an extra pot of prize money which was distributed at the end of the season to the most successful players of the year - but only golfers who had played in a high number of the European Tour's events received a share. This system continued until 1998, after which renewed emphasis was placed on maximising the prize money in individual tournaments.
In 1989 the tour visited Asia for the first time for the Dubai Desert Classic. By 1990 there were 38 events on the schedule, including 37 in Europe, and the start of the season had moved back to February. A first visit to East Asia followed for the 1992 Johnnie Walker Classic in Bangkok. This has since proved to be one of the most notable initiatives in the history of the tour, as East Asia is becoming almost its second home. Shortly afterwards the tour also made its debut in the former Soviet Bloc at the 1994 Czech Open, but much less has come of this development as participation in golf in the region remains low and sponsors there are unable to compete financially with their West European rivals for the limited number of slots available on the main tour each summer. However the second tier Challenge Tour has visited Central and Eastern Europe somewhat more frequently. In 1995 the European Tour began a policy of co-sanctioning tournaments with other PGA Tours, by endorsing the South African PGA Championship on the Southern African Tour (now the Sunshine Tour). This policy was extended to the PGA Tour of Australasia in 1996, and most extensively to the Asian Tour.
While the golf authorities in the various parts of the world, all of which are independent as the sport has no global governing body, co-operate harmoniously on the whole, there is also room for rivalry. The European Tour is very self-conscious about its position relative to the PGA Tour, but the two have steadily moved closer together on the course. In 1998 the European Tour added the three U.S. majors to its official schedule. The leading Europeans had all been competing in them for many years, but now their prize money counted towards the European Tour Order of Merit, which sometimes made a great deal of difference to the end-of-season rankings. The following year the three individual World Golf Championships, also usually played in America, and also offering far more prize money than most European events, were established and added to the European Tour schedule. Since the minimum number of events that a player must play to retain membership of the European Tour has long been eleven, this meant that international players could in theory become members of the tour by playing just four events on it apart from the majors and the World Golf Championships, which all elite players enter in any case. Players such as Ernie Els and Retief Goosen have taken advantage of this to play the PGA and European Tours concurrently and even Tiger Woods, who has sometimes played nine of the necessary eleven events, once suggested that he might enter the extra four required so that he could win the European Order of Merit, although he is yet to do so.
Status and prize money
It is beyond dispute that the European Tour is the second most important tour in men's golf, behind the PGA Tour and well ahead of all the others. What is harder to define is its standing relative to the PGA Tour and whether that has risen or fallen in recent years.At the start of 2006 five of the top ten players in the Official World Golf Rankings were full members of the European Tour, namely Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Sergio García, Adam Scott and Colin Montgomerie. Apart from Montgomerie they are also members of the PGA Tour, and moved to it as their main or joint main tour after playing in Europe first. It is unknown for elite players to move in the opposite direction.
The European Tour is traditionally the first overseas move for outstanding players from non-European countries in the Commonwealth, which have long been a major source of elite golfers, for example Greg Norman and Nick Price, and these men tended to move to the PGA Tour as a second step. It seems however that the European Tour is losing this role with more Commonwealth golfers choosing to move directly to the U.S. Additionally there is a trend for young golfers from the United Kingdom to play mainly on the PGA Tour. In some cases, such as that of top twenty ranked Luke Donald this is a natural follow through from taking a golf scholarship at a U.S. university; such scholarships are not available (or even legal) in Europe.
When Continental Europe produced its first global golf stars in the 1970s, such as Seve Ballesteros, and especially when Europe began to notch up wins over the United States in the Ryder Cup in the mid 1980s, there was widespread optimism about the future standing of the European Tour relative to the PGA Tour. This has ebbed away as several major European countries, for example Germany and Italy, have not produced high ranked golfers on a regular basis as was anticipated at that time. Nonetheless, the number European countries which have produced winners on the European Tour has increased steadily, with notable strength in depth developing in the Scandinavian countries.
The total 2005 prize fund on the PGA Tour is approximately $250 million. On the European Tour it is over £80 million or around $150 million, which is sixty percent as much. However both of these totals include around $50 million in prize money for seven co-sanctioned events, namely the majors and the World Golf Championships. Excluding these the European Tour offers approximately 50% as much prize money as the PGA Tour. It can be argued that since PGA Tour members have had far more wins and top ten finishes in the seven co-sanctioned events in recent years, the 50% figure is a better reflection of the actual financial resources of the European Tour relative to its rival.
Leaving aside the majors and World Golf Championship events, which are the most lucrative on the schedule, there is still much more variation in prize funds on the European Tour than on the PGA Tour, but two key tiers can be identified: those not far away from a million Euros, and those in the three to four million Euros range. Most of the former group are for co-sponsored events outside Europe and most of the latter are for events staged in Europe. At an exchange rate of around 1.3 Euros to the dollar the richer group of European tournaments offer only a little less prize money than a typical "regular" event on the PGA Tour, with its 2005 prize fund of $5-5.5 million.
The prize funds of many European Tour events have increased rapidly since the late 1990s, and based on plans already announced for some tournaments, this seems set to continue into the 2006 season. (There is a list of 2006 prize funds [here]; note that they are not all announced in advance, and those which are not fixed in Euros are only converted into the Euros after the event). Nonetheless in 2005 an increasing amount of media attention was given to the perceived failure of the European Tour to attract as many leading players to its events as in the recent past. It is unclear how this contradiction between the Tour's apparently weakening on-course position and its seemingly strong sponsorship position will play out in the future. The role of Asia may be crucial; in November 2005 a new European Tour sanctioned event in China called the HSBC Champions tournament was played for the first time. With a purse of $5 million, it was by far the richest tournament ever played in Asia.
The structure of the European Tour season
Outline of the season
The table below illustrates the structure of the European season. The events shown are for the 2006 season, but there are only minor variations in the overall pattern from one year to the next. Tournaments sometimes change venue, and quite often change name, especially when they get a new sponsor, but the principal events have fixed and traditional places in the schedule, and this determines the rhythm of the season.Since 2000 the season has actually started late in the previous calendar year, but the seasons are still named by calendar year, rather than for example 2005-06 to reflect the actual span of play. The 2006 schedule includes five events held late in the previous year. All of the events up until late March take place outside of Europe, and most of these are co-sanctioned with other tours. The 2006 season includes five events in China (plus one in Hong Kong, China), two events in South Africa, two in the United Arab Emirates, single events in Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Qatar, and a team event in Thailand. All four major championships are official stops on the European Tour, as are the three individual World Golf Championships events, and the majority of these events take place in the U.S. From around the end of March the tour plays mainly in Europe, and the events in its home continent generally have higher prize money than those elsewhere, apart from the ones in the U.S. The season ends with the Volvo Masters, the equivalent of the PGA Tour's Tour Championship, which is normally scheduled to end on the last Sunday of October.
Schedule
The table below shows the 2006 schedule. The first five events actually take place in late 2005. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the European Tour. To give such a number for non-members would misrepresent the amount of time some international golfers spend on the European Tour; as the Tour co-sanctions the major championships and World Golf Championships events, some top players accumulate a significant number of wins in European Tour sanctioned events without really playing on it.
For the latest version of the tour schedule on the European Tour's website, including links to full results, click [here].
Order of Merit winners
The European Tour's money list is known as the "Order of Merit". It is calculated in euro, although around half of the events have prize funds which are fixed in British Pounds or U.S. Dollars. In these instances the amounts are converted into euro at the exchange rate for the week that the tournament is played.
| Year | Order of Merit leader | Country | Earnings (€) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Colin Montgomerie | 2,794,223 | |
| 2004 | Ernie Els | 4,061,904 | |
| 2003 | Ernie Els | 2,975,374 | |
| 2002 | Retief Goosen | 2,360,127 | |
| 2001 | Retief Goosen | 2,862,806 | |
| 2000 | Lee Westwood | 3,125,146 | |
| 1999 | Colin Montgomerie | 1,822,880 | |
Up to 1998, the Order of Merit was calculated in British Pounds.
| Year | Order of Merit leader | Country | Earnings (£) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 993,077 |
| 1997 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 798,947 |
| 1996 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 875,146 |
| 1995 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 835,051 |
| 1994 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 762,719 |
| 1993 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 613,682 |
| 1992 | Nick Faldo | 708,522 | |
| 1991 | Seve Ballesteros | 545,353 | |
| 1990 | Ian Woosnam | 574,166 | |
| 1989 | Ronan Rafferty | 400,311 | |
| 1988 | Seve Ballesteros | 451,559 | |
| 1987 | Ian Woosnam | 253,717 | |
| 1986 | Seve Ballesteros | 242,208 | |
| 1985 | Sandy Lyle |
Scotland | 162,552 |
| 1984 | Bernhard Langer | 139,344 | |
| 1983 | Nick Faldo | 119,416 | |
| 1982 | Greg Norman | 66,405 | |
| 1981 | Bernhard Langer | 81,036 | |
| 1980 | Greg Norman | 74,828 | |
| 1979 | Sandy Lyle |
Scotland | 49,232 |
| 1978 | Seve Ballesteros | 54,348 | |
| 1977 | Seve Ballesteros | 46,435 | |
| 1976 | Seve Ballesteros | 39,503 | |
| 1975 | Dale Hayes | 20,507 | |
| Year | Order of Merit leader | Country | Earnings (£) | Leading money winner | Country | Earnings (£) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | Peter Oosterhuis | 32,127 | Peter Oosterhuis | 32,127 | ||
| 1973 | Peter Oosterhuis | 17,455 | Tony Jacklin | 24,840 | ||
| 1972 | Peter Oosterhuis | 18,525 | Peter Oosterhuis | 18,525 | ||
| 1971 | Peter Oosterhuis | 9,270 | Neil Coles | 10,480 | ||
The European Tour officially began in 1972, but there is money list for 1971 on the Tour's official site and unofficial or semi-official money lists existed before that. For full Order of Merit details for each season from 1971 onwards click [here].
Leading career money winners
The table below shows the top ten career money leaders on the European Tour at 14 January 2006. Due to increases in prize money over the years it is dominated by current players. The figures are not the players' complete career earnings as most of them have earned millions more on other tours (especially the PGA Tour) or from unofficial events. In addition, elite golfers often earn several times as much from endorsements and golf related business interests as they do from prize money.
| Position | Player | Country | Prize money (€) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland | 20,001,457 |
| 2. | Ernie Els | 17,185,313 | |
| 3. | Darren Clarke | 14,788,986 | |
| 4. | Retief Goosen | 14,653,353 | |
| 5. | Bernhard Langer | 12,111,921 | |
| 6. | Padraig Harrington | 12,062,441 | |
| 7. | Lee Westwood | 11,710,552 | |
| 8. | Thomas Bjorn | 10,558,763 | |
| 9. | Vijay Singh | 10,443,121 | |
| 10. | Jose Maria Olazabal | 10,432,471 | |
There is a full list on the European Tour's website [here].
Rookies of the year
The European Tour's Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year award is named after the English three time Open Champion Sir Henry Cotton. The winner is now selected by a panel comprising the PGA European Tour, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St.Andrews and the Association of Golf Writers. It is usually given to the rookie who places highest on the Order of Merit, but this is not always the case. The award predates the founding of the formal tour in 1972. The table below is incomplete, but there have probably been five years when no award was made (see note).
| Year | Winner | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño | |
| 2004 | Scott Drummond |
Scotland |
| 2003 | Peter Lawrie | |
| 2002 | Nick Dougherty | |
| 2001 | Paul Casey | |
| 2000 | Ian Poulter | |
| 1999 | Sergio Garcia | |
| 1998 | Olivier Edmond | |
| 1997 | Scott Henderson |
Scotland |
| 1996 | Thomas Björn | |
| 1995 | Jarmo Sandelin | |
| 1994 | Jonathan Lomas | |
| 1993 | Gary Orr |
Scotland |
| 1992 | Jim Payne | |
| 1991 | Per-Ulrik Johansson | |
| 1990 | Russell Claydon | |
| 1989 | Paul Broadhurst | |
| 1988 | Colin Montgomerie |
Scotland |
| 1987 | Peter Baker | |
| 1986 | José Maria Olazábal | |
| 1985 | Paul Thomas | |
| 1984 | Philip Parkin | |
| 1983 | Grant Turner | |
| 1982 | Gordon Brand Jnr |
Scotland |
| 1981 | Jeremy Bennett | |
| 1980 | Paul Hoad | |
| 1979 | Mike Miller |
Scotland |
| 1978 | Sandy Lyle |
Scotland |
| 1977 | Nick Faldo | |
| 1976 | Mark James | |
| 1975 | ||
| 1974 | ||
| 1973 | Pip Elson | |
| 1972 | Sam Torrance |
Scotland |
| 1971 | David Llewellyn | |
| 1970 | ||
| 1969 | Peter Oosterhuis | |
| 1968 | Bernard Gallacher |
Scotland |
| 1967 | ||
| 1966 | Robin Liddle |
Scotland |
| 1965 | ||
| 1964 | ||
| 1963 | Tony Jacklin | |
| 1962 | ||
| 1961 | ||
| 1960 |
Note: Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño was the 41st winner. Thus if the award had been made every year the first award would have been given in 1965, but Jacklin's 1963 win is confirmed by several sources and it is stated on the PGA European Tour's site that the award was founded in 1960.[link]Thus there have probably been five years when no award was made.
See also
- Professional golf tours
- Golfers with most European Tour wins
- Challenge Tour - the PGA European Tour's development tour
- PGA EuroPro Tour - a third tier men's tour based mainly in the United Kingdom. It is independent of the European Tour.
- European Seniors Tour - the over 50s tour run by the PGA European Tour
- Ladies European Tour - which is completely separate from the men's tours
- 2006 in golf
External links
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