Paezan languages
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Paezan (also Páesan, Paezano, Interandine) is a hypothetical language family of Colombia and Ecuador.
Proposed genealogical relations
Currently, Páez (Nasa Yuwe) is best considered either a language isolate or the only surviving member of an otherwise extinct language family (Adelaar & Muysken 2004, Gordon 2005, Matteson 1972, Fabre 2005). However, Páez has often been grouped with other languages into a Paezan family, although some of these proposals are due to historical error. Campbell (1997: 173) states: "There is no consensus upon Paezan, and opinions vary greatly".
Páez, Panzaleo, Andaquí
One of the more oft repeated statements (e.g. Loukota 1968; Kaufman 1990, 1994) is the supposed connection between Páez and the extinct Panzaleo (also known as Pansaleo, Latacunga, or Quito), formerly spoken in highlands of Ecuador. However, Panzaleo is poorly documented and the evidence for this relationship is weak and may be due to language contact. Thus, Panzaleo may best be considered an unclassified isolate (Adelaar & Muysken 2004: 393-397; Campbell 1997).
The Andaquí isolate (also extinct) is often connected with Páez in a Paezan grouping. The documentation consists of a 20-page list of words and expressions by an anonymous author published in 1928 and another wordlist collected in 1854 by a priest (Manuel María Albis). There are a number of similarities in vocabulary between Andaquí and Páez. In other aspects, the differences are greater. Gordon (2005) places Andaquí under the Barbacoan family.
Páez and Coconucan
The Coconucan languages (Coconuco, Guambiano, and Totoró) were first grouped together with Páez by Henri Beuchat & Paul Rivet in 1910 (under a larger Chibchan family, which is considerably more inclusive than the conservative Chibchan recognized today). Curnow (1998) shows how this grouping is based on misinterpretation of a Moguex vocabulary of Douay (1888), which Curnow believes to be a mixed list of both Páez and Guambiano/Totoró. This has led to subsequent classifiers (e.g. Kaufman 1990, 1994; Campbell 1997; Greenberg 1956, 1987; Tovar & Larruceau de Tovar 1984) to group Páez with Guambiano (missing the obvious identification of Coconucan as a sub-family under Barbacoan) leading to a tree such as that of Kaufman (1994):
I. Andaqui
- 1. Andaquí
- 2. Páez
- 3. Panzaleo
- 4. Coconuco
- 5. Guambiano (a.k.a. Guambiano-Moguez)
- 6. Totoró
I. Paezan
- 1. Andaquí
- A. Paezan proper
- : 2. Páez
- : 3. Panzaleo
- B. Coconucan
- : 4. Coconuco
- : 5. Guambiano
- : 6. Totoró
- A. Northern
- : 1. Awa Pit
- : 2. Muellama
- : 3. Pasto
- B. Southern
- : 4. Caranqui
- : 5. Cha’palaachi
- : 6. Tsafiqui
A family known as Interandine consists of Páez, Panzaleo, and the Coconucan languages (but excludes Andaquí).
Thus, a conservative classification will recognize Páez, Panzaleo, and Andaquí as isolates and a Barbacoan family consisting of Guambiano, Totoró, Awa Pit, Cha’palaachi, and Tsafiqui that is, as of current research, not demonstrably related to these three isolates.
More distant relations
In spite of the confusion involving Páez and Guambiano discussed above, the Paezan "family" has been connected with other families into larger phylums. These currently remain to be supported by evidence. The most common proposal is the inclusion of Paezan into a Macro-Chibchan (or Chibchan-Paezan) stock with Barbacoan, Chibchan, Chocoan, Jirajiran, and other isolates, such as Betoi, Kamsá (Sibundoy), Yaruro, Esmeraldeño, Mochica, Cunza (Atacameño), Itonama, Yurumanguí, and sometimes others.
Morris Swadesh's Paezan includes Páez, Barbacoan, Coconucan, Andaquí, Cunza, Kapixana, and Mashubí.
Kaufman's (1990, 1994) Macro-Páesan "cluster" proposal includes "Paesan" (as explained above), Barbacoan, Cunza-Kapixana, Betoi, Itonama, and Warao.
See also
External links
- Ethnologue: [Páez]
- Ethnologue: [Barbacoan]
- Proel: [Sub-tronco Paezano]
- Proel: [Familia Barbacoana]
Bibliography
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
- Branks, Judith; Sánchez, Juan Bautista. (1978). The drama of life: A study of life cycle customs among the Guambiano, Colombia, South America (pp xii, 107). Summer Institute of Linguistics Museum of Anthropology Publication (No. 4). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics Museum of Anthropology.
- Brend, Ruth M. (Ed.). (1985). From phonology to discourse: Studies in six Colombian languages (p. vi, 133). Language Data, Amerindian Series (No. 9). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Beuchat, Henri; & Rivet, Paul. (1910). Affinités des langues du sud de la Colombie et du nord de l'Équateur. Le Mouséon, 11, 33-68, 141-198.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1981). Comparative Chibchan phonology. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1991). Las lenguas del área intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
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- Curnow, Timothy J. (1998). Why Paez is not a Barbacoan language: The nonexistence of "Moguex" and the use of early sources. International Journal of American Linguistics, 64 (4), 338-351.
- Curnow, Timothy J.; & Liddicoat, Anthony J. (1998). The Barbacoan languages of Colombia and Ecuador. Anthropological Linguistics, 40 (3).
- Douay, Léon. (1888). Contribution à l'américanisme du Cauca (Colombie). Compte-Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes, 7, 763-786.
- Fabre, Alain. (2005). Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. (To appear).
- Gerdel, Florence L. (1979). Paez. In Aspectos de la cultura material de grupos étnicos de Colombia 2, (pp. 181-202). Bogota: Ministerio de Gobierno and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
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- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Heinze, Carol (Ed.). (1978). Estudios chibchas 2 (pp. iv, 140). Serie Sintáctica (No. 9). Bogota: Ministerio de Gobierno and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13-67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-2927-0414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.
- Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
- Landaburu, Jon. (1993). Conclusiones del seminario sobre clasificación de lenguas indígenas de Colombia. In (M. L. Rodríguez de Montes (Ed.), Estado actual de la clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de Colombia (pp. 313-330). Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
- Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.
- Slocum, Marianna C. (1986). Gramática páez (p. vii, 171). Lomalinda: Editorial Townsend.
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