Parameswara (sultan)
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Parameswara (1344-1424) was a Malay Srivijayan prince that escaped Majapahit's capture of Palembang and later established the Sultanate of Malacca in 1402. Sejarah Melayu alleges that Parameswara was a descendant of Alexander the Great of Macedonia. Previously a Hindu, he converted into Islam after his marriage with Malik ul Salih of Pasai's princess. Upon conversion, he styled himself as Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah.
Parameswara's trading port
The arrival of Zheng He (Hajji Mahmud) and his marriage with princess of Pasai led to an unprecedented success in the history of the Malay people and Malay cultures, a truly international trading port and the golden age of Nusantara Islam. It was recorded 80 languages spoken at Malacca: Moors of Cairo, Mecca, Aden, Abyssinians, men of Kilwa, Malindi, Ormuz, Parsees, Rumes, Turks, Turkomans, Christian Armenians, Gujarati, men of Chaul, Dabhol, Goa, of the kingdom of Deccan, Malabars and Klings, merchants from Orissa, Ceylon, Bengal, Arakan, Pegu, Siamese, men of Kedah, Malays, men of Pahang, Patani, Cambodia, Champa, Cochin China, Chinese, Lequeos, men of Brunei, Lucoes, men of Tamjompura, Laue, Banka, Linga (they have a thousand other islands), Moluccas, Banda, Bima, Timor, Madura, Java, Sunda, Palembang, Jambi, Tongkal, Indragiri, Kappatta, Minangkabau, Siak, Arqua (Arcat?), Aru, Bata, country of the Tomjano, Pase (Pasai?), Pedir, Maldives.Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader Duarte Barbosa said "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice".
New Malacca
Parameswara was attacked by Javanese, he fled from Srivijaya to Temasek and lived there for 5 years and he killed the ruler of Temasek. He was supported by a group of Orang Laut while part of his living skills then was to attack passing by ships. He was chased after by Ayudhya soldiers, so he escaped and searched for a new home at Pagoh, Ulu Muar. Later he found a new location further at north where he saw a mouse deer (kancil) and a tree, his followers told him that was a Malacca tree, and they decided to settle down to build a new Malacca, the year was 1402. The new port confronted attacks from Siam and the Majapahit.
Friendship with Ming
The diplomatic relations started in the early 1400s, with Parameswara on several voyages escorted by Zheng He, Yin Qing and other envoys to visit emperor Yongle. According to history, his visit was so successful.From original script of [Ming chronicle, chapter 325]: Envoy Yin Qing was sent over and to grant Golden silk plait and Golden lace veil, Yin Qing reported no kingdom established and no king, while annual tax 40 golds was paid to Siam. Chieftain Pai-li-mi-su-la rejoicing greatly and Yin Qing brought him to China for the traditional tributary. Emperor praised and made him King of Man-la-ka, granted him the Imperial seal, colored-money, complete set of suit and the yellow regality umbrella. Malacca envoy replied “King is admiring and willing to accept annual tribute, please grant the hill as the city of the kingdom.” agreed the emperor and together with the inscription of imperial poetry embellished onto stone tablet to the hill (where hill means Malacca).
Year fifth, Zheng He together with King, his wife and 540 officials arrived. Upon arriving, a grand welcoming party was held, sacrificing animals, granted him with the Golden embroidery dragon clothing 2 pieces, Kylin robe, gold and silverwares, Silk lace bed quilt, and gifts to all officials and followers. Upon returning home, granted a King’s jade belt, brace, saddle, coroneted suit to the wife. Upon reaching the heaven’s gate, again granted jade belt, brace, saddle, hundred gold & platinum, bank note 400000, cash 2600, silk brocade voile 300 pieces, silk 1000 pieces, whole gold plait 2 pieces, golden woven through sleeves knee gown 2 pieces….
Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming includes: Agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane peak, golden female crane peak, suit, white cloth, western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks.
Post-Parameswara
Parameswara's Sultanate of Malacca (as a prosperous international port) changed the entire Malay Archipelago, the success was admired by Kings from neighbour kingdoms. In year 1447, Kertawijaya becomes King of Majapahit and converted to Islam on the advice of his wife, Darawati, a princess of Champa. The nephew of Kertawijaya, Sunan Ampel works to spread Islam around Surabaya, and around the same time, Palembang converted to Islam. In years 1459, sultan Mansur Syah of Malacca sent Tun Perak to conquer Kedah and Pahang. Pahang becomes an Islamic sultanate under Malacca. In 1470, Dai-Viet captured Vijaya, the capital Champa, killing 60,000 Cham and caused a mass Cham emigration to Malacca and Cambodia. Follow by Islamic Kingdom of Demak in 1478 by Raden Patah, son of King Kertawijaya by a Chinese wife. Islamic Sultanate founded at Cirebon too.
See also
External links
- [The history of spices is the history of trade]
- [Parameswara at Sejarah Melayu]
- [Malacca Genealogy by Christopher Buyers]
- [Beyond the Monsoon]
- [Tomé Pires, Suma Oriental]
- [Genealogy of Malacca Sultanate]
- [The Travels Of Marco Polo]
- [Early Trade and Civilization]
- [TED Case Studies]
- [郑和与满剌加三代国王 (Zheng He and Malacca Empire)]
- [The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither - by Isabella L. Bird]
Discussions
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