Paraneoplastic phenomenon
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A paraneoplastic phenomenon is a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. A large number of these phenomena are mediated by the immune system.
Examples
Examples of paraneoplastic phenomena:- Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) in small-cell lung cancer
- Hypercalcemia in breast cancer and lung cancer due to the production of PTHrP (Parathyroid hormone-related protein)
- Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with lung, ovarian, breast, and other cancers
- Granulocytosis (increased granulocytes) due to the production of G-CSF
- Dermatomyositis (25-50% of adult patients have an underlying malignancy) and polymyositis
Neurological
A particularly devastating form of paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). These paraneoplastic disorders affect the brain and central nervous system and they are degenerative. Symptoms of paraneoplastic neurological disorders include ataxia (difficulty with walking and balance), dizziness, nystagmus (rapid uncontrolled eye movements), speech problems, mental changes, and motor deterioration.The most common cancers associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders are breast, ovarian and lung cancer, but many other cancers have been linked to PNDs as well.
Treatment options include:
- Therapies to eliminate the underlying cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgery, and
- Therapies to reduce or slow neurological degeneration. Rapid diagnosis and treatment is critical for the patient to have the best chance of recovery. Since these disorders are relatively rare, few doctors have seen or treated PNDs. Therefore, it is important that PND patients consult with a specialist with experience in diagnosing and treating paraneoplastic neurological disorders.
Organisations
The International Paraneoplastic Association (IPA) is an organization dedicated to providing support and information to those affected by paraneoplastic neurological disorders.External links
- [Neuroimmunology, The Medical School, Birmingham University] - Paraneoplastic neurological autoantibodies, Birmingham UK
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