Partitive case
Encyclopedia : P : PA : PAR : Partitive case
- Note: partitive case has to be distinguished from partitive meaning which refers to the selection of a part or quantity out of a group or amount, see Partitive.
Finnish
In the Finnish language, this case is often used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. For example, it is found in the following circumstances, with the characteristic ending of "a" or "ta":
- After numbers, in singular: "kolme taloa" -> "three houses" (cf. plural, where both are used, e.g. sadat kirjat "the hundreds of books", sataa kirjaa "hundred books" as an irresultative object.)
- For incomplete actions and ongoing processes: "luen kirjaa" -> "I'm reading a book"
- * Compare with accusative case: "luen kirjan" -> "I will read the (entire) book"
- After certain verbs, particularly those indicating emotions (as they are irresultative): "rakastan tätä taloa" -> "I love this house"
- For tentative enquiries: "saanko lainata kirjaa?" -> "can I borrow the book?"
- For uncountables: "lasissa on maitoa" -> "the glass contains (some) milk"
- In places where English would use "some" or "any": "onko teillä kirjoja?" -> "do you have any books?"
- * Compare with accusative case: "onko teillä kirjat?" -> "do you have the (specific) books?"
- For negative statements: "talossa ei ole kirjaa" -> "there is not a book in the house"
As an example of the irresultative meaning of the partitive, ammuin karhun (accusative) means "I shot the bear (dead)", whereas ammuin karhua (partitive) means "I shot (at) the bear" without specifying if it died. Notice that Finnish has no native future tense, so that the partitive provides an important reference to the present (luen kirjaa) as opposed to the future (luen kirjan). The latter means "I will read the book", as a result ("the book has been read") indicates action in the future.
The case with an unspecified identity is onko teillä kirjoja, which uses the partitive, because it refers to unspecified books, as contrasted to accusative onko teillä (ne) kirjat?, which means "do you have (those) books?"
A Western Finnish dialectal phenomenon seen in some forms of spoken Finnish is the assimilation of the final -a into a preceding vowel, thus making the chroneme the partitive marker. For example, suurii → suuria "some big --".
Inari and Skolt Sámi
Of the Sámi languages, Inari and Skolt Sámi still have a partitive, although it is slowly disappearing and its function is being taken over by other cases and only occurs in the singular. In Skolt Sámi, the genitive often replaces the partitive.
The three functions of the partitive in Skolt Sámi are:
- It appears with numbers larger than 6.
- It is used with certain postpositions.
- It is used with the comparative to express the thing being compared.
External links
- http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25838
- [Kimberli Mäkäräinen] Words that require the use of the partitive in Finnish
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