Pine Bluff, Arkansas

Encyclopedia : P : PI : PIN : Pine Bluff, Arkansas

---

Pine Bluff is a city in Jefferson County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 55,085, ranking it as the sixth most populous city in the state. Pine Bluff is the county seat of Jefferson County^{[Geographic references#6GR6]}.

The University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff is located here. Pine Bluff is also the home of the Pine Bluff Arsenal, a major site for the demolition of chemical weapons.

Geography

Pine Bluff is located at [34°12′60″N, 92°1′23″W] (34.216648, -92.023114)^{[Geographic references#1GR1]}. Pine Bluff is on the Arkansas River, the community was named for a bluff along the Arkansas River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 121.3 km² (46.8 mi²). 118.1 km² (45.6 mi²) of it is land and 3.2 km² (1.2 mi²) of it (2.65%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census^{[Geographic references#2GR2]} of 2000, there were 55,085 people, 19,956 households, and 13,350 families residing in the city. The population density was 466.3/km² (1,207.6/mi²). There were 22,484 housing units at an average density of 190.3/km² (492.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 32.30% White, 65.85% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. 0.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 19,956 households out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 23.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. There are 843 unmarried partner households: 734 heterosexual, 34 same-sex male, and 75 same-sex female. (Note: Stigmatization of homosexuality may prevent same-sex couples from reporting themselves as such on the US Census, especially in more conservative areas.) 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the city the population was spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,247, and the median income for a family was $34,362. Males had a median income of $30,766 versus $21,009 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,637. About 20.6% of families and 25.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.0% of those under age 18 and 18.2% of those age 65 or over.

---

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Pine Bluff is the largest city in a three-county MSA as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau including Jefferson, Cleveland, and Lincoln counties. The Pine Bluff MSA population in 2000 was 107,341 people.The Pine Bluff area is also a component of the Little Rock-N Little Rock- Pine Bluff Combined Statistical Area which had a population of 785,024 people in the 2000 U.S. census. The 2004 census estimate was 813,160.

---

History

Pine Bluff's Beginnings (1819-1861)

Pine Bluff was first established on a high bank of the Arkansas River which appeared to be a bluff because it was heavily forested with tall pine trees. Supporting the first pine trees above the mouth of the river, the high ground furnished a safe haven for the settlers from the annual floods of the stream. Joseph Bonne, who was half French and half Quapaw Indian, is said to have settled on this bluff in 1819. After the Quapaws signed a treaty in 1824, relinquishing their title to all of the lands they claimed in Arkansas, other settlers began to join Bonne on the bluff. Thomas Phillips claimed a half section of land where Pine Bluff is located in 1829. Jefferson County was established by the Territorial Legislature, Nov. 2, 1829 and began functioning as a county April 19, 1830. At the August 13, 1832 county election, the pine bluff was chosen as the county seat. The Quorum Court voted to name the village "Pine Bluff Town" on October 16, 1832. Pine Bluff was first incorporated January 8, 1839, by the order of County Judge Taylor. At the time, the village had about 50 residents. Improved transportation facilities aided in the growth of Pine Bluff during the 1840s and 1850s. More and better steamboats improved river traffic.

Civil War & Reconstruction (1861-1900)

From all indications, Pine Bluff was prospering at the outbreak of the Civil War. As with many small towns in the South, Pine Bluff suffered lasting effects of the war. A surprising number of citizens were opposed to secession, and when the Union forces occupied Little Rock, a group of Pine Bluff citizens requested Major General Frederick Steele to send Union forces to occupy the town for protection. The Union troops under Colonel Powell Clayton arrived September 17, 1863, and stayed until the War was over. Confederate General J.S. Marmaduke tried to expel the Union Army from Pine Bluff October 25, 1863, but was repulsed.

Because of the presence of Union forces, Pine Bluff became an over-crowded refugee center after the Emancipation Proclamation as freed slaves flocked to the city. Schools were started by the American Missionary Society to begin education of the blacks. By September 1872, Professor Joseph C. Corbin opened the Branch Normal School of the Arkansas Industrial University. Founded as Arkansas' first black tax-supported college, it today comprises the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff.

Still, sympathies were not shared by all Arkansas natives. In 1866, after a dispute between several freedman and local residents, a group of ex-Confederates set fire to a black settlement just outside Pine Bluff, rounding up all its inhabitants, and hanging 24 women and children from the surrounding trees. The state of Arkansas and local municipalities like Pine Bluff, then pass legislation designed to prevent blacks from voting or holding public office, requiring them to take special literacy tests, often in foreign languages.

The recovery from the Civil War was slow at first, but with the construction of railroads and the increased production of cotton as more farms were reactivated, the economy began to recover. The first railroad reached Pine Bluff in December of 1873. This same year Pine Bluff's first utility was formed when Pine Bluff Gas Company began furnishing manufactured gas from coke for lighting purposes.

As personal fortunes increased from the 1870s onward, large Victorian-style homes were constructed west of Main Street by the community leaders. The first telephone system was placed in service March 31, 1883. Wiley Jones, a former slave and wealthy black man, built the first mule-drawn street car line in October 1886. The first light, power and water plant was completed in 1887; establishment of a more dependable light and water system arrived by 1912. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, economic expansion was also fueled by the growing lumber industry in the region.

Turn-of-the-Century & The Great Depression in Pine Bluff (1900-1941)

The influence of the Arkansas River on the city continued into the early 1900s. River traffic was still an integral part of the local economy and community leaders were concerned that the main channel would leave the city. The United States Corps of Engineers were persuaded to build a levee opposite Pine Bluff to keep the river flowing by the city.

During a later flood, the channel of the river did leave the city and formed what is now Lake Langhofer. Even though river traffic diminished, the river remained a barrier, separating one part of the county from the other. After many years of haggling, because of the bond issue involved in raised taxes, the Free Bridge was opened in 1914, uniting the county for the first time on a permanent basis.

Two natural disasters in Pine Bluff's history had shocking effects on the area's economy. The first of these was a 100-year flood in 1927. Due to levee breaks, most of northern and southeastern Jefferson County were flooded. The second disaster was the severe drought of 1930. The failure of crops, coupled with the effects of economic conditions of The Great Depression created many problems for Pine Bluff residents. In 1930, two of the larger banks failed.

With the inauguration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, many government programs were enacted which benefited local communities. Pine Bluff built new schools, a football stadium and developed Oakland Park as the first major recreation facility of the city. To encourage diversification in the county's agriculture, a stockyard was built in 1936 to give a sales outlet for farmer's livestock. Of great importance to Pine Bluff and Jefferson County was the state's highway construction program in the later 1920s and early 1930s, facilitating trade with other communities throughout southeast Arkansas.

World War II & Economic Diversification (1941-1960)

World War II brought profound changes to Pine Bluff and its agriculture, timber and railroad-oriented economy. The first took the form of a new airport. Grider Field housed the Pine Bluff School of Aviation to furnish flight training for air cadets for the Army Air Corps. Approximately 10,000 flyers were trained by the time the school closed in October 1944.

Ground was broken for the Pine Bluff Arsenal December 2, 1941, on 15,000 acres bought by the Army north of the city. The arsenal and Grider Field literally changed Pine Bluff from an agricultural economy to a diversified base with a mixture of industry and agriculture. The addition of small companies to the industrial base of Pine Bluff helped the economy remain steady in the late 1940s. The Korean War was a stabilizing factor after 1950.

In 1957, Dierks Lumber announced the construction of a kraft paper mill north of the city, followed within a short time by International Paper Co. buying a plant site five miles east of Pine Bluff. Residential developments were begun on an extensive basis.

Pine Bluff in the Modern Era (1960-present)

The [Neutral point of view>neutrality] of this section is [NPOV disputedisputed]. Please see the discussion on the [ Trivia -Entertainer Michael Connell was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas on May 19, 1987. - Award winning gospel singer Smokie Norful is from Pine Bluff, Arkansas. -NBA star Fat Lever was also born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas -Torii Hunter of the Minnesota Twins was born in Pine Bluff. Culture and Education The cultural climate of Pine Bluff is healthy and breathes diversity. The Pine Bluff Convention Center is the state's largest meeting facility. The Arts and Science Center's facility features theatrical performances and workshops for children and adults. Pine Bluff also boasts the only Band Museum in the country, downtown murals depicting the history of Pine Bluff, a historical museum and a railroad museum. Recreational opportunities in Pine Bluff range from water sports and some of the best bass fishing in the state on the Arkansas River to golf or tennis. As host to 30-35 bass tournaments each year, Jefferson County Regional Park has earned Pine Bluff the nickname of "Bass Capital of the World. A hunting and fishing in Arkansas exhibit features dioramas of outdoor activities and collections of hunting, fishing and conservation memorabilia in the Governor Mike Huckabee Delta Rivers Nature Center at Regional Park and the Arkansas entertainers hall of fame at the Pine Bluff Convention Center both of which will draw thousands to the area each year. Pine Bluff's quality educational facilities guide children from early years to college. The Pine Bluff School District includes elementary magnet schools to meet special interests in the fields of math, science, foreign language, communications, and fine and performing arts. Watson Chapel School District and Dollarway School District also serve the city as well as a number of private schools. The University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff is the second oldest public institution in the state of Arkansas, and the oldest with a black heritage. The newly accredited South East Arkansas College features technical career programs as well as a 2-year college curriculum. Economy Agriculture is a mainstay in Pine Bluff. Jefferson County is located in the heart of a rich agricultural area in the Arkansas River Basin. The leading products include cotton, soybeans, cattle, rice, poultry, timber and catfish. Principal industries in the area are engaged in processing cotton; production of cottonseed oil, paper and wood products; the manufacture of wire products; poultry processing; the manufacture of electric transformers; and metal fabrication. Major employers are Jefferson Regional Medical Center, Tyson Foods, International Paper, the Pine Bluff Arsenal and Union Pacific Railroad. Transportation Pine Bluff is recognized as a major transportation center in southeast Arkansas and the south-central region of the U.S. Highway Pine Bluff is well served by a network of five U.S. and five state highways radiating from the city. US 65 from Little Rock to southeast Pine Bluff has now been designated as Interstate 530 with completion of a new, 12-mile southern bypass. Interstates 30 and 40 can be accessed in approximately 40 minutes from virtually any point in the city. U.S. Highways include 63, 65, 79, 270, and 425; Arkansas State Highways include 15, 81, 54, 190, and 365. Water Located on the navigable Arkansas River, with a slackwater harbor, Pine Bluff is accessible by water via the Port of Pine Bluff, the anchor of the city's Harbor Industrial District. Air Daily commercial air freight and passenger services, along with scheduled commuter flights, are available at the Little Rock National Airport, Adams Field, some 40 minutes driving time from Pine Bluff via I-530 and interstate connectors. This airport is served by American, Delta, Southwest, Northwest, Continental, Frontier and USAir. Pine Bluff's municipal airport, Grider Field, is conveniently located east of the city. The airport serves as home base for corporate craft and general aviation craft. Charter, air ambulance and air freight services are also available. Buses Royal Coach Lines offers intrastate, regional, and charter services. Within the city, the city-owned Pine Bluff Transit operates six routes to various points including government, medical, educational and shopping centers. External links [City of Pine Bluff, Arkansas], Official website of the city of Pine Bluff. [Pine Bluff.com] [Positively Pine Bluff], visitor's information. [Pine Bluff Commercial], the local newspaper serving Pine Bluff and southeast Arkansas [Pine Bluff/Jefferson County Library System]   From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details. Search Titles 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ? E-mail this article to: Personal Message: