Propan-1-ol
Encyclopedia : P : PR : PRO : Propan-1-ol
| Propan-1-ol | |
|---|---|
| |
| General | |
| Systematic name | 1-Propanol Propyl alcohol |
| Other names | 1-Propanol, n-Propanol n-Propyl alcohol Propanol |
| Molecular formula | C3H8O |
| SMILES | CCCO |
| Molar mass | 60.09 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear, colourless liquid |
| CAS number | [71-23-8] |
| Properties | |
| Density and phase | 0.8034 g/cm3, liquid |
| Solubility in water | Fully miscible |
| All common solvents: | Fully miscible |
| Melting point | −126.5 °C (146.7 K) |
| Boiling point | 97.1 °C (370.3 K) |
| Acidity (pKa) | (~16) |
| Viscosity | 2.26 cP at ?°C |
| Dipole moment | 1.68 D |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| EU classification | Flammable (F) Irritant (Xi) |
| NFPA 704 | |
| R-phrases | R11, R41, R67 |
| S-phrases | S2, S7, S16, S24, S26, S39 |
| Flash point | 15 °C |
| RTECS number | UH8225000 |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties | n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Related compounds | |
| Related alcohols | Ethanol Propan-2-ol Butan-1-ol |
| Related compounds | Propionaldehyde Propionic acid 1-Chloropropane Propyl acetate |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) [Chemical infoboxInfobox disclaimer and references] | |
1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol. It is an isomer of propan-2-ol. It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes.
Chemical properties
1-Propanol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol. Thus it can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce 1-iodopropane in 90% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives 1-chloropropane. Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing propanol overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield. Oxidation of 1-propanol with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives only a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended. Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid
Preparation
1-Propanol is a major constituent of fusel oil, a by-product formed from certain amino acids when potatoes or grains are fermented to produce ethanol. This is no longer a significant source of the material.1-Propanol is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde. The propionaldehyde is itself produced via the oxo process, by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.
- (1) H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
- (2) CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
History
1-Propanol was discovered in 1853 by Chancel, who obtained it by fractional distillation of fusel oil.References
- Furniss, B. S.; Hannaford, A. J.; Smith, P. W. G.; Tatchell, A. R. (1989). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th Edn.), Harlow:Longman. ISBN 0-582-46236-3
- Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
- The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
- Perkin, W. H.; Kipping, F. S. (1922). Organic Chemistry, London: W. & R. Chambers.
External links
- For a full list of external links to MSDSs, spectroscopic data, commercial chemicals suppliers etc. for this compound, see [Chemical sources].
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