Restrictiveness

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"Restrictive clause" redirects here. For , see restrictive covenant.

In semantics, a modifier is said to be restrictive if it restricts the reference of its head. For example, in "the red car is fancier than the blue one," red and blue are restrictive, because they restrict which cars car and one are referring to. ("The car is fancier than the one" would make little sense.) By contrast, in "John's beautiful wife," beautiful is (presumably) non-restrictive: "John's wife" identifies the woman sufficiently, but "beautiful" adds additional information.

Restrictive modifiers are also called defining, identifying, or necessary; non-restrictive ones are also called non-defining, non-identifying, descriptive, or unnecessary (though this last term can be misleading). In certain cases, generally when restrictiveness is marked syntactically through the lack of commas, restrictive modifiers are called integrated and non-restrictive ones are called non-integrated or supplementary.

Restrictiveness in English

English does not generally mark modifiers for restrictiveness. The only modifiers that are consistently marked for restrictiveness are relative clauses: non-restrictive ones are set off in writing by using commas, and in speech through intonation (with a pause beforehand and an uninterrupted melody), while restrictive ones are not. Further, while restrictive clauses are often headed by the relative pronoun that or by a zero relative pronoun (see English relative clauses for details on when this is possible), non-restrictive clauses never are. For example:

• Restrictive: We saw two puppies this morning: one that was born yesterday, and one that was born last week. The one that (or which) was born yesterday is tiny.
• Non-restrictive: We saw a puppy and a kitty this morning. The puppy, which was born yesterday, is tiny.

(Many American prescriptive grammarians insist that which would be incorrect in the former example; see Disputed English grammar.)

Note that while English does not consistently mark ordinary adjectives for restrictiveness, they can be marked by moving them into relative clauses. For example, "the red car is fancier than the blue one" can be rewritten as, "the car that's red is fancier than the one that's blue," and "John's beautiful wife" can be rewritten as "John's wife, who is beautiful." English-speakers do not generally find such locutions necessary, however.

Restrictiveness in other languages

Spanish is notable for marking all adjectives for restrictiveness: restrictive adjectives follow their nouns, while non-restrictive ones precede them.

Some languages, such as German and Japanese, do not mark restrictiveness explicitly.

French tends to mark restrictive clauses in the same way as English, and the Hebrew Academy endorses English-style punctuation (though it is not in universal use among Hebrew-speakers).

Sources

On the intonation question, see Beverly Colins and Inger M. Mees, Practical Phonetics and Phonology, Routledge 2003.

See also

• Relative pronoun
• Relative clause
• English relative clauses

 

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