Robert Whitehead

Encyclopedia : R : RO : ROB : Robert Whitehead

Robert Whitehead (right) with a battered test torpedo, Fiume, c1875

Robert Whitehead (January 3, 1823 – November 14, 1905) was a British engineer. He was born the son of a cotton-bleacher, in Bolton, England, United Kingdom.

He developed the first automobile or self-propelled torpedo in 1866. He thus introduced the world to a weapon that almost changed the course of history during both World Wars.

"But for the Whitehead, the submarine would remain an interesting toy, and little more" - RN Admiral H.J. May, 1906

"The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril" - Sir Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister during WWII.

Contents

1 Initial Years
2 Meeting Luppis
3 The First Torpedo
4 Key Innovations
5 Whitehead & Co.
6 Use Of Torpedo
7 Further reading
8 External links

Initial Years

Robert trained as an engineer and draughtsman, attended Manchester's Mechanics Institute, then initially worked in a shipyard in Toulon, France, and then as a consultant engineer in Milan, Italy. He then moved to Trieste, on the Adriatic coast.

Robert's work in Trieste was noticed by the founders of a metal foundry called Fonderia Metalli situated in Fiume (Rijeka), today in Croatia. In 1856 Whitehead accepted the job as manager of the company. He also changed its name to Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume, and began producing ship steam boilers and engines, which were the most modern products of that era. The company undertook work for the Austro-Hungarian Navy.

Meeting Luppis

During the early 1860s Robert made a contract with the local engineer Giovanni Biagio Luppis in order to perfect Luppis' invention of the first prototypes of a self-propelled torpedo in 1860. Luppis had recently retired to Trieste from the Austrian Navy. Here he tried to realize his long-time idea of the “coast saviour” (salvacoste), a new naval weapon. The weapon was propelled by compressed air.

The First Torpedo

Robert's initial torpedo experiments were conducted with the help of his 12-year son, John, and a workman, Annibale Ploech.

This resulted in Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, officially presented to the Austrian Imperial Naval commission on December 21, 1866.

The Austrian Gunboat Gemse was adapted for launching in Fiume (Rijeka) shipyard at Schiavon. This ship was equipped with a launching barrel, which was Whitehead’s invention. More than 50 launch trials were performed in front of the factory, in Fiume (Rijeka) bay. The gunboat’s commander was a frigate lieutenant, Georg Hoyos, who later married Robert Whitehead’s daughter Alice.

By 1870 Robert had managed to increase the torpedo's speed to 7 knots and it could hit a target 700 yards away

Key Innovations

A self-regulating device which kept the torpedo at a constant preset depth. The torpedo was driven by a small reciprocating engine run by compressed air; a hydrostatic valve and pendulum balance, connected to a horizontal rudder, which controlled the depth at which it ran.
In 1898, Whitehead purchased the newly invented gyroscope mechanism from its Austrian inventor Mr Ludwig Obry, who was also a naval officer. The gyro enabled the torpedo to be stabilised directionally.

Whitehead & Co.

Though the product was promising, the torpedo did not help 'Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume' survive and it went bankrupt in 1873. Robert took it over in 1875 and transformed it into a private company called “Torpedo- Fabrik von Robert Whitehead”. Later, the company was transformed into a stock company “Whitehead & Co.”, Societa in Azioni.

Vickers Ltd. and Armstrong- Whitworth & Co. bought the company from Whitehead family, so it remained in English hands till the beginning of World War I.

Robert was known to be paranoid about his trade secrets, and employees were often sworn to secrecy about the guidance mechanisms employed in the Whitehead torpedoes.

Use Of Torpedo

Most of the world's major navies took note of the development of this device by the late 1880s - except the United States of America.

Three naval actions during the late nineteenth century changed the world navies' perception of the torpedo:

In 1891, in the midst of the Chilean Civil War, the Chilean naval vessel Almirante Lynch torpedoed and sank in port the rebel Chilean armored vessel Blanco Encalada with a 14 inch Whitehead torpedo at the close range of one hundred yards.

In 1894 in the midst of the Brazilian Civil War, the rebel Brazilian naval vessel Aquidaban was torpedoed and sunk at night while moored in a roadstead by the Brazilian naval torpedo gunboat Gustavo Sampaio with a 14 inch Schwartzkopf torpedo, and perhaps also by the torpedo boat Affonso Pedro.

In 1895 during the Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese battleship Ting Yuen was put out of action in port by multiple torpedo hits over the course of two nights by several Japanese torpedo boats.

The risks of torpedoes to the ships that carried them were shown, however, at the Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba, in July 1898, when Spanish cruiser Vizcaya was seriously damaged when one of the vessel's own torpedoes was detonated by a shell hit.

External links

[University of Rijeka - Committee for Renovation of Torpedo Museum in Rijeka]
US Naval Undersea Museum [Whitehead Torpedo Display]
http://naval.undersea.museum

From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.