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Roller derby

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Oakland Outlaws, A Roller Derby Team.
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Oakland Outlaws, A Roller Derby Team.

Roller derby is an American contact sport—and historically, a form of sports entertainment—based on formation roller skating around a track. It is played at both professional and amateur levels. While traditionally for both women and men, roller derby has developed a predominately female circuit during its current revival.

Contents

Rules

Texas Rollergirls in action. A jammer can be seen at the bottom right-of-center, with a black star on a red helmet.
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Texas Rollergirls in action. A jammer can be seen at the bottom right-of-center, with a black star on a red helmet.
Roller derby rules vary from league to league, but in general, the sport is played as follows:
Two teams of five skaters, wearing protective gear such as helmets, mouth guards, and pads, take up positions alongside each other in a pack formation. Each team consists of either four blockers and one jammer, or three blockers and two jammers. Helmet colors or designs are typically used to differentiate between player roles.

A signal is given and the jam commences. All skating is performed counter-clockwise on a small, narrow track. Today, a few professional roller derby type leagues use a banked track, while most new leagues, and all leagues that are part of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association, use a standard flat skating rink.

Initially leading the pack are special blockers known as pivots, who set the pace and give the other blockers direction in order to strategize and keep the pack relatively tight. Blockers who stray too far from the pack may not be allowed to engage opposing players.

Blockers (including pivots) start skating at the first signal. A second signal is given to launch the jammers, who must catch up to the rear of the pack. Jammers navigate through or around the pack, then lap around the back of the pack. The first jammer to get through the pack legally (for example, without cutting the track or acquiring any penalties) is dubbed lead jammer and may call off the jam at any time.

Scoring commences when the jammers lap around the back of the pack and go through for a second time. One point is scored for each member of the opposing team passed by an inbound jammer. Blockers try to stop the opposing jammer from passing them, while defending their own jammer, who they can assist by pushing or pulling (whipping) in an attempt to advance them through the pack. The jam concludes after a fixed period of time or when the lead jammer calls off the jam. Until then, both jammers are free to lap the pack again and again.

Calling off the jam early is a strategic move to prevent the other team from having the opportunity to score. For example, it can be helpful if the lead jammer's team is at an unexpected disadvantage (due to good defense by the other team, or falling or penalized players on the jammer's team), or it can be used to solidify a lead when the jammer's team is doing exceptionally well.

Physical contact between players is frequent and sometimes violent. Body blocking is allowed, and elbowing is allowed in some leagues, but participants are not allowed to trip or intentionally punch other players. Violence may leave the track and may include striking opponents with available objects. Roller derby participants generally adopt stage names and gimmicks, evoking comparisons to professional wrestling. However, unlike professional wrestling, roller derby (in its current revival) does not involve fixed or scripted matches.

Penalties are given to skaters who block illegally, fight or behave in an unsportsmanlike manner. Penalties can be given after each jam or at the end of a period. Some penalties may result in additional points being scored; for example, in some leagues, a jammer may score a point if a blocker commits a foul against the jammer. Some leagues require penalized players to temporarily stop playing and/or participate in a post-jam challenge that may result in more points being scored.

History

Origin

In 1929, as the Great Depression began, a struggling film publicist named Leo Seltzer felt that dance marathons were undermining attendance at his Oregon cinema chain, so he began holding his own dance marathons. Hundreds of unemployed people participated, hoping to win a $2,000 cash prize. Since dance marathons usually ended up with people lazily shuffling around, he soon changed the events to "walkathons". The contests were emceed by celebrities like Frankie Lane and Red Skelton, and grossed $6 million in three years.

In 1935, the novelty of walkathons wore off, but a roller skating fad arose, and Seltzer decided to combine the two concepts as Transcontinental Roller Derby, an event more than a month long, staged at the Chicago Coliseum. It was a simulation of a cross-country roller skating race in which 25 two-person teams circled a track thousands of times, skating 11½ hours a day, to cover 3,000 miles—the distance between Los Angeles, California and New York City. Teams were disqualified if both members were off the track during skating times. Sixteen teams dropped out due to injuries or exhaustion, but nine teams finished, and the winning team, Clarice Martin and Bernie McKay, held the lead for the last 11 days of the event.

Over the next two years, Seltzer took the Transcontinental Roller Derby on the road, holding similar races throughout the U.S. with a portable track that reportedly cost $20,000, for daily crowds averaging 10,000 in number, who paid 10 to 25 cents admission. Occasionally, massive collisions and crashes occurred as skaters tried to lap those who were ahead of them. Sportswriter Damon Runyon realized this was the most exciting part, and encouraged Seltzer to tweak the game to maximize physical contact between the skaters and to exaggerate hits and falls. Seltzer bristled, wanting to keep the sport legitimate, but agreed to the experiment, which fans ended up loving. Over time, the spectacle evolved into a sport involving two teams of five skaters, with a team scoring points when its members lapped members of the other team, which is the basic premise of roller derby to this day.

Transcontinental Roller Derby rapidly grew in popularity as a spectator sport. Matches were held in fifty cities in 1940, for more than five million spectators, some of whom formed fan clubs and newsletters like Roller Derby News (later renamed RolleRage). Teams began to represent and compete in other U.S. cities, although some teams were actually the same traveling group that would just change names depending on where they were playing, and all were part of the Seltzer-owned Roller Derby league.

The entry of the United States into World War II at the end of 1941 interrupted the sport's ascent; many skaters enlisted in the armed forces, crowds dwindled, and the fledgling league was reduced to one team skating mainly for the entertainment of soldiers.

After the war's end in 1945, Seltzer successfully resumed growing the sport, although a 1946 attempt to bring it to New York's Polo Grounds failed due to twelve straight days of rain. In 1947, well before television was in widespread use, Roller Derby debuted on the ABC television network. Seltzer changed his residence to Encino (Los Angeles) that same year, a westward move that foreshadowed changes to come. By 1949, Roller Derby games were being televised live throughout the U.S., and Seltzer was grossing $2 million a year. In 1949, the National Roller Derby League was formed, and the season playoffs sold out Madison Square Garden for a week.http://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=JLF_Newspaper_Articles&op=ShowNewspaperInfo&id=7&id_cat=3http://www.ktvu.com/station/1854338/detail.html

Success and failure

In 1950, Leo Seltzer's son Jerry, who was co-running the league, moved the base of operations to Los Angeles, where it was easier to produce Roller Derby's first wave of televised popularity. Broadcasts centered on the New York Chiefs, who enjoyed nationwide appearances on CBS and ABC. At one point, Roller Derby could be seen on all three U.S. networks (CBS, ABC, and NBC), several times a week.

In July 1953, citing the effects of the Korean War and a dearth of venues, Leo Seltzer moved the Chiefs from New York to Los Angeles, renaming them the L.A. Braves for their debut before 60,000 fans at the Rose Bowl. The Braves became the first international team when a tour of Europe was launched in 1953.

However, this was not the first time audiences outside the U.S. had seen the game played live — a renegade league, International Roller Speedway, known in some countries as Roller-Catch, had formed in 1937 and toured Europe and the Philippines. Roller Speedway was a modified version of the sport and normally featured two teams, representing Europe (the "home" team) and USA. The 1950 film The Fireball, starring Mickey Rooney, was based on the life of one of the league's stars, Eddie Poore, who skated under the name Eddie Cazar. Although Rooney's character was based on Poore/Cazar, in the movie his name was Johnny Casar, a slightly misspelled version of the name under which one of Poore's real-life teammates skated. Roller Speedway ceased operations in 1952.http://web.archive.org/web/20021008022247/www.geocities.com/Pioneer5300/page3.html

In 1954, Jerry Seltzer established the most fabled team in the history of the sport, the longtime champion San Francisco Bay Bombers. Stars on this team included Charlie O'Connell, Joanie Weston, and Ann Calvello.http://www.ktvu.com/station/1854338/detail.html

In 1958, after a disappointing brawl between the L.A. Braves and rowdy spectators at an exhibition match in Paris, Leo Seltzer gave up on the sport, and Jerry took full control of Roller Derby. Within a year, he moved the operation to the San Francisco Bay Area in order to make use of larger venues. He syndicated Roller Derby to 120 television stations, and he changed some of the rules. For the first time, skaters were required to wear helmets, and at the behest of KTVU television announcer Walt Harris, he made the game more TV-friendly by making jammers' helmets easier to spot. However, the moves and changes were unpopular with many skaters; some left the Seltzer fold and joined newly formed rival leagues.

A more theatrical imitation called Roller Games was started in 1961 in Los Angeles by retired Roller Derby skaters who chose not to make the move to San Francisco. Owned by Bill Griffiths, Sr. and Jerry Hill, Roller Games was the first rival organization to the original Roller Derby, and actually consisted of several separate leagues, including the (U.S.) National Roller Derby (NRD), soon renamed to National Roller League (NRL) since the "Roller Derby" trademark was aggressively protected by the Seltzer organization. The NRD/NRL consisted of the Northern Hawks, New York Bombers, Texas Outlaws, and Brooklyn Red Devils. Roller Games also encompassed the Canadian National Roller League (CNRL) and Japanese National Roller League (JNRL). Not to be outdone, Roller Derby also formed its own International Roller Derby League (IRDL) which included its most famous teams, the Bay Bombers, Midwest Pioneers, and Jolters, among others.http://web.archive.org/web/20030728065919/www.rollersport.us/history2.cfmhttp://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=Leagues&op=ShowLeagueAll&id=175&id_cat=32&categories=ROLLERGAMES

1961 also saw the advent of a New York City area rival league, the American Skating Derby (ASD), promoted by Joe Morehouse and Mike O'Hara. ASD debuted two teams of ex-Roller Derby skaters — one team representing "New York" and the other representing Brooklyn — at Long Island Arena in Commack, New York, around April 1961, with plans to appear throughout the Tri-State Region.http://www.toooquiet.net/BankedTrack/History/Paper/paper0004.html A league split later that year resulted in the formation of another league, the Eastern Skating Derby (ESD), which lasted until mid-1964 and skated only in New York, sometimes at the same venues as the ASD.http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/bankedtracknews/message/551http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/bankedtracknews/message/553

In 1973, high overhead and other factors led to the demise of Roller Derby.In a 2005 interview (referenced elsewhere), Ann Calvello mentioned gas shortages as a contributing factor because teams could not travel; see 1973 oil crisis. See also the Fussell reference. Jerry Seltzer shut down the organization and sold the promotional rights to Roller Games, which immediately disbanded Roller Derby's IRDL and its own NRL, but recruited some of IRDL's star skaters to skate in an NRL successor league, the International Skating Conference (ISC), which was to focus on the Los Angeles Thunderbirds.http://web.archive.org/web/20030728071050/www.rollersport.us/history4.cfmhttp://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=Leagues&op=ShowLeagueAll&id=179&id_cat=32&categories=ROLLERGAMES However, within two years, the circus-like approach doomed all of Roller Games, and fans deserted the arenas. Cultural historian Paul Fussell attributed the collapse to the declining economic class of its fan base in its final years; fans were ultimately unable to support the sponsors that had been keeping the sport on television.1983. Fussell, Paul. Class: A Guide Through the American Status System. Ballantine. ISBN 0-671792-25-3. "Below golf comes baseball, and below that, football. Then ice hockey. Then boxing, stock-car racing, bowling, and, at the bottom, Roller Derby, once popular with advertisers until they discovered that the people watching it were so low-prole or even destitute that they constituted an entirely wasted audience for the commercials: they couldn't buy anything at all, not even detergents, antacids, and beer. "Low-Reach Undesirables," the Roller Derby audience became known in the trade, and the event that had attracted them was soon removed from television." (pp. 129–130)

IRSL revival

Several attempts were made in the late 1970s and 1980s to revive the sport.

The most successful of these was the International Roller Skating League (IRSL), operational from 1977 to 1987. IRSL bouts were held in the Northeastern United States, the Midwest, Northern California, and Canada. Many skaters from Seltzer's Roller Derby were in the IRSL, and some of the team names were the same as in Roller Derby.

Initially the league was the International Roller Derby League (IRDL) and featured the San Francisco Bay Bombers, the Midwest Pioneers, the Eastern Red Devils and the Manhattan Chiefs. In 1979, IRDL was bought out and restructured by one of its owners, former San Francisco television producer Dave Lipschultz, who renamed the company the IRSL. At this time, two more teams, the Northeast Braves and Southern Jolters (later renamed the Southern Stars), were added, and the Chiefs were renamed the Red Devils. In 1982, the New York Dynamite was added. Another team, the Eastern Express, was added in 1985. A final team, the Northern Knights, representing Canada, formed in 1986 but never competed. It is not clear whether all of these teams were all active at the same time.

After skating primarily in Northern California, a Midwest tour was launched in 1984, but flopped due to competition from baseball and football as well as weather related problems. However, in 1985, ESPN began televising IRSL bouts alongside professional wrestling in a programming block billed as "Slams & Jams". In 1986, the ESPN contract was transferred to the IRSL spinoff RollerMania (named after WrestleMania), which set up sporadic appearances in New York and Northern California. ESPN dropped the contract in its pursuit of the more lucrative professional football market, and although talks were underway to broadcast IRSL matchups on USA Network, IRSL was unable to survive without television support. Lupshultz shut down the league after its last game at Madison Square Garden on December 12, 1987. Around that time, Lipschultz and skaters were negotiating over how to keep it going. Lipschultz wanted to make it more like professional wrestling in an attempt to win over a fickle TV audience, but the players had different ideas. No agreement was reached, and potential sponsors lost interest.http://web.archive.org/web/20030728070952/www.rollersport.us/history5.cfm

The 1985 IRSL matches have been shown twice on ESPN Classic's sports comedy show Cheap Seats as ESPN retains the right to air those matches.

American Skating Derby, a California-based rival league to IRSL, formed in 1985 and played for one season with two teams, the San Francisco Slammers and the Los Angeles Turbos. Its name was the same as the early 1960s New York based league but was unrelated.http://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=Leagues&op=ShowLeagueAll&id=85&id_cat=22&categories=ASD

RollerGames revival

RollerGames, created in 1989 by two television producers and Roller Games owner Bill Griffiths, Sr., was a U.S. television show that presented a theatrical version of the sport of roller derby for a national audience. It featured a steeply banked figure-eight track, an alligator pit, and a number of skaters who had been in the Roller Games league, as well as younger participants. It was broadcast for one season (1989–1990) before its distributor went bankrupt.

RollerJam revival

Between January 1999 and January 2001The [RollerJam Episode List at TV.com] confirms there were 100 episodes, comprising four seasons, that aired between January 1999 and January 2001, plus a preview/pilot episode in December 1998., Knoxville, Tennessee television impresarios Ross K. Bagwell Sr. and Stephen Land, under the name Pageboy Entertainment, collaborated with CBS to stage another televised revival known as RollerJam or Roller Jam. Bagwell and Land recruited numerous stars from the Roller Derby of yesteryear, as well as newer stars from various athletic backgrounds, including nationally ranked speed skaters, to skate in the six-team World Skating League (WSL). Jerry Seltzer was named RollerJam "commissioner".

RollerJam games were televised out of "RollerJam Arena," situated on the grounds of Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. Initial teams, each consisting of seven men and seven women, were the New York Enforcers, the California Quakes, the Florida Sundogs, the Nevada Hot Dice, the Texas Rustlers and the Illinois Riot. Despite strong funding and four seasons of broadcasts on The Nashville Network (TNN, now known as Spike TV), the venture failed. It was inconsistently promoted, and production standards were poor, with fabricated storylines and uncharismatic characters being featured more than actual competitive skating. Two notable veterans from Roller Games, Rockin' Ray Robles and Patsy Delgato, were featured in the second season of RollerJam. When RollerJam was cancelled, many of the skaters found smaller leagues to skate in.

Today's roller derby

Amateur, all-female leagues

The Hell Marys, a Texas Rollergirls team, discuss tactics during half-time. This photo demonstrates typical components of uniforms used by leagues in the modern, all-female revival: skirts, stockings, and protective gear.
Enlarge
The Hell Marys, a Texas Rollergirls team, discuss tactics during half-time. This photo demonstrates typical components of uniforms used by leagues in the modern, all-female revival: skirts, stockings, and protective gear.
In the early 21st century, after two decades in relative obscurity, the sport began to experience a  revival, particularly among women, with amateur leagues forming in urban centers across North America. At the end of 2005 there were over 50 such leagues, and by mid-February 2006 the number had grown to more than 80. The sudden growth in 2006 is partially attributed to the exposure the sport achieved via the Rollergirls reality television show that began broadcasting in January. Rollergirls was canceled due to low ratings in April 2006.
These contemporary leagues are thus far all-female and are self-organized, formed in an indie spirit by relatively new roller derby enthusiasts. They all use traditional quad roller skates, not inline skates. Many are non-profit organizations, and most leagues compete on flat, not banked, tracks. Each league typically features two or more local teams that compete in public matches, called bouts, for a rapidly growing fanbase. Members of fledgling leagues often practice and strategize together, regardless of team affiliation, between bouts.

Since mid-2004, 30 such all-female leagues have banded together to form the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA), which coordinates and sets the rules that govern inter-league competition among its members. The WFTDA member leagues create "travel" teams who play against each other in regional matches, although some leagues that are not WFTDA members have independently arranged their own travel teams and inter-league bouts. WFTDA is not currently accepting new members, and its current membership requirements prevent some leagues from being eligible,[Requirements for WFTDA membership], accessed April 22, 2006 but the organization does plan to begin inducting more leagues in mid-2006.

On February 24–26, 2006, Tucson Roller Derby hosted the Dust Devil, the first national championship tournament for the new leagues. Twenty WFTDA leagues converged on Tucson, AZ for three days of intense competition leading up to the championship final, in which the Texas Rollergirls were victorious against the Tucson Saddletramps.[2006 Dust Devil tournament] info and statistics at the [Tucson Roller Derby web site]; accessed April 22, 2006.

Professional leagues

There are also a few leagues, mostly mixed-gender, that have origins in earlier incarnations of the sport and that promote themselves as professional, not amateur roller derby organizations, due to their history, management, membership, and style of play, as well as marketing considerations.

One such league is the Lou Sanchez, Sr.-owned National Roller Derby League (NRDL), established in 1995. Sanchez is a former Roller Derby skater known for his underhanded, violent tactics while playing for the Texas Outlaws in the 1960s and 1970s. After retiring from skating, he managed various teams in different roller derby revivals. The NRDL, a.k.a. Roller Derby Inc., began with two teams, the Los Angeles Aztecs and the San Francisco Bay Bombers, skating in exhibition bouts in mid-1995. Potential investors were sought to fund the founding teams plus two more, the L.A. Thunderbirds and the New York Chiefs, in an enterprise to be promoted as Roller Derby 2000, but nothing materialized.http://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=JLF_Newspaper_Articles&op=ShowNewspaperInfo&id=17&id_cat=3http://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=Leagues&op=ShowLeagueAll&id=11&id_cat=1&categories=RDI The league was briefly known as Roller Blazing Derby League (RBDL) in May 2000 and later Roller Derby USA, then returned back to NRDL. The NRDL consists of teams that train and compete on banked tracks in the coastal cities of Southern California, and in May 2006 began forming two Las Vegas based teams, the Las Vegas Royal Rollergirls (all female) and the Las Vegas High-Rollers (mixed gender). One of the NRDL teams, the L.A. Stars, is sometimes billed as the L.A. T'Birds, and the Texas Outlaws are sometimes billed as just the Outlaws. Recent games include the following:

Another of these leagues is American Roller Skating Derby (ARSD), owned by Dan Ferrari and based in Northern California. Competing in ARSD events are the Ferrari-owned Bay Bombers (sometimes billed as the California Bombers), who play the Alfonso Reyes-owned Chicago Chiefs and the Georgia Hase-owned Brooklyn Red Devils. In 2002 and 2003, ARSD held bouts in Richmond, California and at the San Jose Civic Auditorium in San Jose, California, and in 2004 and 2005, at the Alameda High School Gymnasium in Alameda, California. ARSD's roster includes former Roller Games stars but the style of play is more like traditional Roller Derby.http://web.archive.org/web/20040411100139/http://www.freewebs.com/arsd/http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/bankedtracknews/message/3955?viscount=100http://alamedasun.com/sports/052704sports1.htmhttp://www.alamedasun.com/local/101305local5.htmhttp://www.eastbayexpress.com/Issues/2005-10-19/calendar/cal-sport.html

A third professional league, also based in Northern California, is the [American Roller Derby League] (ARDL), which focuses on promoting a number of teams, including: the Bay City Bombers, Los Angeles Turbos, New York Demons, Chicago Pioneers (a.k.a. the Chiefs), and three all-female teams, the Lady Killers, SF Roller Girls, and Orlando Thunder. However, in May 2006, Patten admitted that he was having trouble recruiting and retaining skaters, and only had eight inexperienced skaters practicing once a week in San Francisco. The ARDL was featured in the 2006 documentary film Jam,http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0770774/plotsummary has sponsored novels and a clothing line, and is sometimes promoted as the American Inline Roller Derby League when competing on inline skates.

The Bill Griffiths-owned Roller Games International (RGI) league still operates a single team, the Los Angeles Thunderbirds (T-Birds). A bout between the ARDL Bay Bombers and the RGI Los Angeles Thunderbirds (T-Birds) is scheduled for July 29, 2006 at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco.http://www.rollergames.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=80&Itemid=76

Former Roller Games skater Hiromi Koizumi's Roller Game League has four teams in Tokyo, Japan and has played a modified version of the sport since the league's inception in 1990.

Defining amateur and professional

In the United States, under the provisions of the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, the definition of an amateur athlete is up to the national governing body for each sport. The U.S. national governing body for all amateur roller skating sports is USA Roller Sports (USARS), which defines an "amateur competitive roller skater" very broadly as anyone who is a good sport when competing in USARS events and who does not misrepresent their previous competitive experience; USARS does not formally exclude anyone on the basis of occupational status or, apparently, any other criteria.[USARS bylaws] Article III, §1.C.1. Accessed April 23, 2006. USARS also does not yet acknowledge roller derby by name in its bylaws; it only acknowledges "artistic, speed, and hockey", although its membership application for individuals has additional categories "noncompetitive", "recreation" and "aggressive"—roller derby was listed under the latter in 2005, and is its own category in 2006. However, USARS might accept not-for-profit (as shown by statements of funds disbursement) amateur roller derby leagues as members, at the discretion of the USARS Board of Directors.[USARS bylaws] Article III, §1.C.5 and §3.B.1; and Article XIX. Accessed April 23, 2006.

The only other governing body for roller derby in the U.S. is WFTDA, but defining amateur and professional are not within the scope of its charter; it exists primarily to facilitate competition and goodwill among its member leagues, and has no authority.

Currently, the delineation between "professional" and "amateur" levels of competition in roller derby is essentially a matter of self-identification; organizations that want to bill themselves are one or the other are free to do so without consequence. Most contemporary leagues don't use such terms at all, although their relative newness to the sport tends to relegate them to "amateur" status among fans and players alike.

As of 2006, there are, however, notable differences between the organizations that promote themselves as professional and those that don't. These differences do not necessarily define what is "professional" and what is "amateur"; they are just observable trends:

Some do not consider any form of roller derby to be "professional" since it is not covered by major sports media outlets and because it has a history of being promoted more like "professional wrestling" than, say, professional hockey.

The relative lack of reliable, published, and Internet-accessible information about the activities of both historic and modern "professional" roller derby leagues makes it difficult to make qualitative assessments of other possible differences, such as the types of training facilities, competition venues, rules and regulations, training schedules, etc.

Trademarks

Several trademarks for the proper noun "Roller Derby" are currently in effect in multiple countries. The first three are owned by [Roller Derby Skate Corporation], a manufacturer of wheeled skates, based in Litchfield, Illinois: The other current trademark was registered June 6, 2005 and applies to a computer game by Ages Entertainment Software, Inc., a subsidiary of Viacom.

The common noun "roller derby" is often used to refer to the sport in all of its forms, be they semi-theatrical or fully athletic, or professional or amateur. It is possible that some uses of this term may infringe upon Roller Derby Skate Corporation's trademark.

Roller derby in popular culture

Film and television

Books

Music

References

See also

External links

 

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