Rome

Encyclopedia : R : RO : ROM : Rome

This article is about the capital of Italy. For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation).

Comune di Roma

City flag City coat of arms
City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome)
coordinates: 41°54′N 12°29′E Time Zone: UTC+1
Administration
Subdivisions	20 municipi
Province	Rome
Region	Latium
Mayor	Walter Veltroni ( The Union )
City ( commune ) Charateristics
Area	1,285 km²
Population	2,547,677 (2005 estimate)
Density	1983/km²
Metropolitan area	3,831,959 (2005 estimate)
Commune of Rome official site	[www.comune.roma.it]
National Institute of Statistics of Italy	[www.istat.it]

Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma) is the capital of Italy and of its Latium region. It is located across the confluence of the Tiber and Aniene rivers. It was once the capital of the Roman Empire, the most powerful, largest, and longest lasting empire of classical antiquity. The Vatican, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of the Pope.

Rome is the largest city and commune in Italy and it is also one of the largest among European capital cities, with an area of 1,285 square kilometers. The commune territory extends up to the Tyrrhenian Sea, with the district of Ostia, on the south-west, located on the shore. Within the city limits, the population is about 2,5 millions; almost 3.8 millions live in the general area of Rome as represented by the province of Rome. The current mayor of Rome is Walter Veltroni.

With a gross domestic product of €97 billion in the year 2005, the comune of Rome produced 6.7% of Italy's total GDP, the highest rate among all of Italy's cities.

The city's history extends nearly 2,800 years, during which time it has been the seat of ancient Rome, and later the Papal States, Kingdom of Italy and Italian Republic (modern Italy). Rome is also called "la Città Eterna" (the Eternal City), "l' Urbe" (the latin for the City pre-eminently) and "The City of the Seven Hills".

History

The civilization of ancient Rome originated in the 8th or 9th century BC, when the northern tribe of the Latini migrated to the Italian peninsula to settle around the River Tiber. For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most important city in the Western world and possibly the largest city in the world, with around 1.5 to 2 million inhabitants, as the capital of the expansive Roman Empire. With the rise of Christianity, Rome became the center of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of the popes. The slow decline of the Roman Empire heralded the beginning of the Middle Ages, but the city regained prominence as the cultural capital of Western Roman Empire for several hundred years leading up to the Renaissance. Rome remains influential today, as the capital of Italy and of the Catholic Church and as a major metropolis.

In Roman mythology, Rome was founded on April 21 753 BC by the twin descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. Romulus killed Remus in a quarrel over where their city was to be located and became the first of seven Kings of Rome, as well as the source of the city's nameTitus Livius (Livy) Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome), Book I.

Central Rome is dominated by the traditional

Climate

Rome's climate is at its most comfortable from April through June or early July. By August, the temperature during the heat of the day often exceeds 35 degrees Celsius, 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Many businesses close during August, and Romans traditionally abandon the city for cooler climes. The average high temperature in December is about 13 degrees Celsius, 55 Fahrenheit, according to the British Broadcasting Corp.'s [Weather Centre] site.

Economy

Today, Rome has a dynamic and diverse economy with thriving innovation, technologies, communications and services sectors. It produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other city in Italy) and continues to grow at a higher rate than those in the rest of the country (4.4% yearly) since its economic growth began to surpass that of its rivals, Naples and Milan after World War II. Tourism is inevitably one of Rome's chief industries, with many notable museums including the Vatican Museum, and the Borghese Gallery. The city is also a centre for banking as well as electronics and aerospace industries.

The EUR district is the core of the business affairs in Rome.

Many international headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina.

Education

Demographics

Like most western European capitals, Rome has accumulated a substantial immigrant population. Estimates of non-Italian residents based on the 2001 census and on 2003 population register data range from just over 98,000 to almost 300,000 (or about 4 to 12% of the city's total population), with the largest numbers of foreigners coming from the Philippines, Romania, Poland, Peru, Egypt, China, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. [link]

Religion

Roman mythology constituted the major religion of the city in antiquity. However, other religions remained represented within its ever-changing boundaries, and Christianity soon spread.

During his reign, Constantine I legalized Christianity. However, it was Theodosius II who made it the official religion of the Roman Empire (contrary to popular belief of it being Constantine I), allowing a rapid spread of the religion which similarly continued to spread thereafter. After numerous barbarian incursions, Rome was established as the center of the Catholic Church. Consequently, a great number of some of the most important religious buildings of Christianity were erected in the city.

Across the river Tiber from the old Roman Forum and its centers of pre-Christian worship is the Vatican City, an autonomous country inside the city and the center of Catholicism. There are currently over 900 churches in Rome, including many world famous locations, housing a wide collection of masterpieces of religious art.

In Rome there is also the greatest mosque in Europe, designed by the Italian achitect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on June 21st, 1995.

Transportation

-->

The transportation era was started in Rome with the construction of the Via Appia, regina viarum ("queen of the roads").

Rome has an intercontinental airport named Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport - FCO, but more commonly known as Fiumicino, which also is Italy's chief airport, and the Giovan-Battista Pastine international airport (commonly referred to as Ciampino Airport), a joint civilian and military airport southeast of the city-center, along the Via Appia, which handles mainly charter flights and regional European flights including some low-cost airlines. A third airport, called Aeroporto dell'Urbe, is located in the north of the city along the ancient Via Salaria and handles mainly helicopters and private flights. A fourth airport, called Aeroporto di Centocelle, in the eastern part of Rome between the Via Prenestina and the Via Casilina, has been abandoned for some years now, but is currently being redeveloped as one of the largest public parks in Rome.

A 2-line subway system operates in Rome called the "Metropolitana" or Rome Metro. Construction works for the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main train station (Termini) with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war. The area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955 and it is now part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999 - 2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. A new branch of the B line (B1) is under construction, as is a third line, called C. A fourth line, line D, is under development. The frequent archaeological findings delay underground work.

This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short. As of 2005, total length is 38 km. The two existing lines, A & B, only intersect at one point, Termini Station, the main train station in Rome (which also is the largest train station in Europe, underneath and around which now exists as a lively shopping center known as the "Forum Termini" with more than 100 shops of various types). Other stations includes: Tiburtina (second-largest, which is currently being redeveloped and enlarged to become the main high-speed train hub in the city), Ostiense, Trastevere, Tuscolana, S. Pietro, Casilina, Torricola.

The Rome Metro is part of an extensive transport network made of a tramway network, several suburban and urban lines in and around the city of Rome, plus an "express line" to Fiumicino Airport. Whereas most FS-Regionale lines (Regional State Railways) do provide mostly a suburban service with more than 20 stations scattered throughout the city, the Roma-Lido (starting at Ostiense station), the Roma-Pantano (starting nearby Termini) and the Roma-Nord (starting at Flaminio station) lines offer a metro-like service.

Rome also has a comprehensive bus and light rail system. The English web site of the ATAC public transportation company allows a route to be calculated using the buses, light rail and subways.[link] The Metrebus integrated fare system allows holders of tickets and integrated passes to travel on all companies vehicles, within the validity time of the ticket purchased.[link]

Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to the banning of unauthorized traffic from the central part of city during workdays from 6 am to 6 pm. This area is officially called Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL). Heavy traffic due to night-life crowds during weekends led in recent years to the creation of other ZTLs in the Trastevere and S. Lorenzo districts during the night, and to experimentation with a new night ZTL also in the city center (plans to create a night ZTL in the Testaccio district as well are underway). In recent years, parking spaces along the streets in wide areas of the city have been converted to pay parking, as new underground parking spread throughout the city. In spite of all these measures, traffic remains an unsolved problem, as in most of the world's cities.

Architecture and monuments

Within the city of Rome there is a huge number of monuments and interesting ruins, both ancient and modern. A partial list is given here as a quick reference.

The Medieaval Capocci Tower, near the church of San Martino ai Monti.

300px

The Trevi Fountain

Spanish Steps

Castel Sant'Angelo

Ancient buildings

• Ara Pacis
• Aurelian Walls
• Baths of Caracalla
• Baths of Diocletian
• Bocca della Verità
• Catacombs of Rome
• Circus Maximus
• Forum Romanum
• Imperial forums
• Colosseum
• Curia Hostilia
• Cloaca Maxima
• Palatine Hill
• Pantheon
• Trajan's Column
• Mausoleum of Augustus

Obelisks

Medieval buildings and monuments

• Castel Sant'Angelo
• Torre dei Conti
• Torre delle Milizie

Modern buildings and monuments

• Capitoline Hill
• Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II
• Palazzo della Cancelleria
• Palazzo Farnese
• Piazza Navona
• Piazza Venezia
• Ponte Sant'Angelo
• Quirinal Palace
• Spanish Steps
• Trevi Fountain
• Triton Fountain
• Villa Borghese
• Villa Farnesina

Places of worship

Rome is home to over 900 Christian (most of which are Catholic) churches.

Basilicas

Patriarchal basilicas

• San Giovanni in Laterano (St. John in Lateran)
• San Pietro in Vaticano'' (St. Peter's)
• San Paolo fuori le Mura (St. Paul outside the Walls)
• Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary Major)
• San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (St. Lawrence outside the Walls)

Other basilicas

• Sant'Agnese fuori le mura (St. Agnes outside the Walls)
• Sant'Andrea delle Fratte
• Santi Apostoli (Holy Apostles)
• San Bernardo alle Terme
• San Clemente (St. Clement)
• Santi Cosma e Damiano (SS. Cosmas and Damian)
• Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
• San Lorenzo in Lucina
• San Marco (St. Mark)
• Santa Maria degli Angeli
• Santa Maria in Aracoeli
• Santa Maria sopra Minerva
• San Martino ai Monti
• San Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains)
• Santa Prassede (St. Praxedis)
• San Saba
• Santa Sabina
• San Sebastiano fuori le mura
• Santi Quattro Coronati
• Santa Maria in Trastevere

Other important churches

• San Giovanni dei Fiorentini
• Santi Marcellino e Pietro
• Santa Maria dei Monti

Other religious edifices

• Great Synagogue of Rome
• Great Mosque of Rome and Islamic Cultural Center

Administrative subdivision of Rome

The administrative subdivision of Rome consists of the 19 sub-municipalities (Municipi) of Rome's municipality.

Vatican City

The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, the enclave of the Holy See, which is a separate sovereign state.

Province of Rome

Rome is the capital of a province, with an area of 5,352 km², and a total population of 3,700,424 (2001) in 120 comuni. The province can be viewed as the extended metropolitan area of the town of Rome, although in its more peripheral portions, especially to the north, it comprises towns surrounded by firmly rural landscape, just as towns elsewhere throughout Italy.

Events

• Roma Sana April: Mediterranean Trade Fair for Natural Products with exhibitions of biological products, conferences and tasting.
• Roman Summers, from June to September: Various events from music to theater, literary meetings and cinema. Events that take place in the most characteristic places in Rome that attract the participation of thousands of artists from all over the world.
• Roma Europa Festival, September: Annual appointment for modern art and theatre, music and dance, with artists from of all Europe.
• Festival Romics, October: Comics and Cartoon Festival: exhibitions, cartoon film showings of designers and publishing companies.
• Roma Jazz Festival, October: Festival of jazz music since of 1876. Italian and international artists.
• Republic day - June, 2: Military parade on Via dei Fori Imperiali, with "Frecce Tricolori".

Cultural and Religious Events

• Rome’s Good Friday Procession in April. On Good Friday, a procession moves from the Via Crucis, from the Colosseum and up Monte Palatino, re-enacting the 14 stations of the cross from the death of Jesus to placement of his body in the tomb.
• Literature Festival, from May to June: Readings of works of famous contemporary writers, accompanied by music, in the setting of Basilica di Massenzio. ([link])
• International Urban Theatre Festival: In September, the Festival Internazionale del Teatreo Urbano that transforms Rome into an urban theatrical stage.
• Rome Jazz Festival: In October, international artists gather at various venues for the eclectic Rome Jazz Festival.
• Roman Jewish holiday, the Mo’ed di Piombo, stems from 1793 (5553 in the Hebrew calendar). Rome’s Jewish Temple is illuminated at night as the rabbi explains the meaning underscoring the celebration.

White Night

Sister cities

• - Beijing, China
• - New York City, USA
• - Paris, France
• - Seoul, South Korea
• - Tokyo, Japan
• - Cincinnati, USA
• - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
• - Belgrade, Serbia

See also

• Eurovision Song Contest 1991
• Symbols and Trivia of Rome
• Popular Shopping Areas and Markets in Rome

Notes

Capital cities of the European Union

World Heritage Sites in Italy