Romney Marsh

Encyclopedia : R : RO : ROM : Romney Marsh

The Romney Marsh is a sparsely-populated wetland area in the counties of Kent and East Sussex in the south-east of England. It covers about 100 square miles (260 km²).

St Mary in the Marsh in Romney Marsh

Contents

Quotations

“As Egypt was the gift of the Nile, this level tract ... has by the bounty of the sea been by degrees added to the land, so that I may not without reason call it the Gift of the Sea. (from Britannia by William Camden 1551-1623)

"The world according to the best geographers is divided into Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Romney Marsh" from Ingoldsby Legends, Reverend Richard Harris Barham (Rector of Snargate)

Areas of the Romney Marsh:

Romney Marsh is flat and low-lying, with parts below sea-level. It consists of several areas:

the Romney Marsh proper, lying north of a line between New Romney and Appledore
the Walland Marsh, south of that line to approximately the Kent/East Sussex border
the East Guldeford Level, south again to Rye
the Denge Marsh, south-east of Lydd, which now includes Denge Beach and Dungeness
the Rother Levels, which, with various ditches, lie around the Isle of Oxney
the Rye and Winchelsea Levels

The River Rother

View across the marsh from Rye

The River Rother today flows into the sea below Rye; but until 1287 its mouth lay between Romney and Lydd. It was tidal far upstream, almost to Bodiam. The river mouth was wide with a huge lagoon making Rye a port at its western end. That lagoon lay behind a large island, which now makes up a large part of the Denge Marsh, on which stood the ports of Lydd and the old Winchelsea. All these ports were members of the Cinque Ports.

Reclamation

The Romney Marsh has been gradually built up over the centuries.

The most significant feature of the Marsh is the Rhee wall (Rhee is a word for river), forming a prominent ridge. This feature was extended in three stages from Appledore to New Romney in the 13th century as a waterway. Sluices controlled the flow of water, which was then released to flush silt from the harbour at New Romney. Ultimately the battle was lost, the harbour silted up and New Romney declined in importance, however, the Rhee kept part of the old port open until the 15th century.

The wall at Dymchurch was built around the same time, storms had breached the shingle barrier, which had protected it until that time.

It is a common fallacy that both these structures were built by the Romans.

In 1250 and in following years, a series of violent storms broke through the coastal shingle banks, flooding significant areas and returning it to marsh, destroying the harbour at New Romney, and in 1287 finally destroying the port town of Old Winchelsea (now located some two miles (3 km) out in Rye bay), which had been under threat from the sea since at least 1236. Winchelsea, the third largest port in England and a major importer of wine, was relocated on higher land, with a harbour consisting of 82 wharfs. Those same storms, however, helped to build up more shingle: such beaches now ran along practically the whole seaward side of the marshland.
By the 14th century much of the Walland and Denge Marshes had been reclaimed
In 1462 the Romney Marsh Corporation was established to install drainage and sea defences for the marsh, which it continued to build into the 16th century.
By the 16th century the course of the Rother had been changed to its channel today; and most of the remainder of the area had now been reclaimed from the sea.
The shingle continues to be deposited. As a result all the original Cinque Ports of the Marsh are now far from the sea. Dungeness point is still being added to: although (especially near Dungeness and Hythe) a daily operation is in place to counter the reshaping of the shingle banks, using boats to dredge and move the drifting shingle.
*NB a map in the *[Romney Marsh Gazetteer] shows the stages clearly.

The Marsh became the property of the Priory of Canterbury in the 9th century, who granted the first tenancy on the land to a man called Baldwin, sometime between 1152 and 1167, for "as much land as Baldwin himself can enclose and drain against the sea"; Baldwin's Sewer (drainage ditch) remains in use. The marsh has since become covered by a dense network of drainage ditches and once supported large farming communities.

Romney Marsh is an area of exceptional beauty, less developed than many other areas of farmland in Kent and Sussex. Until well into the 1980's little had changed even since WW11, but with the decline in sheep prices even the famed local stock (sold around the world for breeding for over two centuries) became unsustainable. Turfing had always been a lesser practice due to the excellent grassland kept short by the sheep reared upon it, but recently some farms increased their acreage to compensate for the decline in sustainable livestock farming. Some view this as detrimental. The only other alternative for farmers has been to turn to arable farming

"The landscape changed from a patchwork of small family farms. which grew sheep, to a few extensive capital intensive efficient arable production units. Ultimately the landscape has changed and is uncannily similar to East Anglia and Lincolnshire; depopulated, open and windy most of the year." (I leave the above paragraph in simply to suggest that that other author appears keen to describe the Marsh as an ugly area in the way described - perhaps to support the amendments he/she keeps making to also suggest that windfarms do not harm this area as it is already ugly - I invite readers to go and see this exceptionally beautiful area - with a mild microclimate, and very unlike the blandness of the suggested parts of Lincolnshire/East Anglia. It has changed little in the last 50 or so years, save for the sad loss of sheep (due to prices). The population is vibrant and lively, and has not become depopulated indeed has increased. The observer will be able to form their own opinion as to which of the contrasting descriptions is the more accurate.)

Windfarm

A windfarm will be developed at a site called Little Cheyne Court near Camber. It will be built by N-power renewables and cost around £50m. The 26, 116 m towers (380 feet), will be distributed over an area of 4 km² and will generate a proportion of the district's electricity needs.

The site has proved controversial, some arable farmers, the MP and most parish, town and county councils viewed the development as detrimental to the visual appearance of the Marsh. However, the Government has now given permission and work should start in 2006. The DTI indicated that a significant number of local people submitted comments in favour of the project. However, most local and and a significant body of national opinion is still set against the development.

Environmental NGOs such as Friends of the Earth, favour more power generation from renewable sources and greater energy efficiency in society; power from renewable sources is an essential component of any future sustainable energy policy for the UK. Power from renewables reduces society's dependence on the release of energy generation that uses geological carbon sources, which when burnt for fuel, increases the level of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Biomass, which burns elephant grass, for example, is only releasing atmospheric carbon that has been temporarily storedin plant tissue. Carbon dioxide and methane are believed to be the main causes of rapid climate change. The consequences of climate change could be increased droughts, weather turbulence and rising sea levels. Support for the development of renewables and technologies that lead to greater energy efficiency will increase UK energy security - without the environmentally damaging consequences, health risks and taxpayer liablities that stem from older technologies, like nuclear power.

The obvious benefit of renewable energy (as exampled by the above paragraph and to which few would disagree) does not address the issue of where and how such projects be implemented.

It is this failure to address the destruction such projects can cause to exceptional landscapes and rural environments, that has caused concern to many, not just on Romney Marsh but in other parts and projects in the UK.

Some have considered a particular concern and puzzle in the Romney Marsh project has been the willingness of Friends of the Earth to advance their perfectaly laudable general pro-windfarm lobby by sacrificing and failing to address the destruction caused to this particular landscape and particular situation. Some are concerned that it is the intermingling of the same elites in the DTI/DoE and in some established environmental bodies that has brought about this appearance of collusion to ignore the specific in favour of the general.

Industrialisation of an exceptional landscape and environment.

Romney Marsh sheep

The economy and landscape of Romney Marsh in the 19th Century was dominated by sheep. Improved methods of pasture management and husbandry meant the marsh could sustain a stock density greater than anywhere else in the world. The Romney Marsh sheep became one of the most successful and important breeds of sheep. Their main characteristic is an ability to feed in wet situations; they are considered to be more resistant to foot rot and internal parasites than any other breed. Romney sheep have been exported globally, in particular to Australia, to where they were first exported in 1872.

From 1564 the health of the marsh population suffered from malaria, then known as ague or marsh fever, which caused high mortality rates until the 1730s, although it remained a major problem until the completion of the Royal Military Canal in 1806, which greatly improved the drainage of the area, reduced its importance.

Communications

Roads

Roads across the Marsh have always been narrow and winding. This is partly because of the hundreds of sewers and smaller drainage ditches, and because the grazing land is far more important than the roads. The lack of road signs and few villages can make navigating across the marsh very confusing for the unwary. Several minor roads have no finger posts at junctions at all and at others, it is possible to find two or three lanes apparently leading to the same village!

Many of these lanes are built on the remains of enclosures used to 'in' the Marsh. There is a dramatic section near Brookland, where a lane linking the Woolpack pub to Lydd is perched 2 or 3 m above the surrounding farmland, on the 'Hook' wall. The section of road between Brenzett and Lydd Lane end is built on the Rhee wall, a medieval canal that brought water from higher up the river Rother.

The main road is the A259 from Rye, which is narrow and winding to Brenzett, where it splits in two. One arm (excellent all the way) becomes the A2070 and runs parallel to the railway to link the Marsh to Ashford and the wider world. The other - still the A259 is only good as far as Lydd lane end, and leads to New Romney, Hythe and eventually, Folkestone.

The best way to see the Marsh is on a cycle, the almost flat terrain, the narrow almost deserted lanes, make it ideal for family jaunts. National cycle route 2 passes through the area, the section between Rye and Lydd is mostly off road, it then uses quiet lanes from Lydd to Hythe, where it possible to cycle along the sea wall to Folkestone and ultimately (off road) to reach Dover.

Railways

The main line railway is the Ashford to Hastings line, with stations at Hamstreet, Appledore, Rye, and Winchelsea. The one-time branch to New Romney from Appledore (its small offshoot to Dungeness closed in 1937) was closed to passenger traffic in 1967. It was possible to travel directly from Dungeness to London, the 2hour journey time was quicker than by road and rail today. The line is still in place about a mile short of Dungeness and is used to transfer waste from the Nuclear power plant.

The Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway has been operating along the Romney Marsh coast since 1927.

Walks

The Saxon Shore Way starts at Gravesend, Kent and traces the coast as it was in Roman times as far as Hastings, East Sussex, 163 miles (262 km) in total, crossing the Marsh.

The Marsh in war

Throughout its history, the proximity of the marsh to the European mainland has meant that the areas has been in the front line whenever invasion has threatened. In AD 892 one such invasion was successful. The Danish fleet of 250 ships sailed right into the Rother and took the fortress at Appledore (allegedly built by King Arthur), which they destroyed.

The Cinque Ports

The importance of the Cinque Ports was in their strategic situation opposite the narrowest part of the English Channel. Within the Romney Marsh, Romney and Hythe were two of the ports; Rye and Winchelsea were later added as “Ancient Towns”.

Royal Military Canal

The Royal Military Canal stretches for 28 miles hugging the old cliff line that borders the Romney Marsh from Hythe in the north east to Cliff End in the south west. It was completed in April 1809.

The Martello Towers

Martello Towers are fortifications that were built by the British Army for coastal defence during the nineteenth century. Seventy-four towers were built along the south coast; Tower 1 was at Folkestone, overlooking the harbour, and Tower 74 guarded the beach at Seaford in East Sussex. They were built between 1805 and 1808.

Military Training

There are two military establishments on the Marsh: the Hythe and Lydd Ranges. The latter has a large danger area marked on maps south of Lydd towards the sea.

\"Lost villages\" of the Marsh

These lost communities on the Marsh are further instances of the modern decline of the rural communities, except that these probably occurred over the centuries. In 1348, for example, many villages were hit by the Black Death.

The villages, shown below with the modern Ordnance Survey map information on Sheet 189, were:

Buttdarts: Buttdart Bridge, over one of the larger marsh drains [TR 071296]
”Dengemarsh”: south of Lydd: village closed when the Lydd ranges were opened in WWII [not marked on OS Map: ?TR 0417]
Eastbridge: Eastbridge House, on Dymchurch to Bonnington road: the road is named Eastbridge Road out of Dymchurch. Remains: large part of west wall of the tower, some other fragments. Village had a population of 21 (1801 Census). [TR 078319]
Fairfield: Fairfield Court, NW of Brookland [TQ 977270]
Falconhurst: Falconhurst: a house north of the Royal Military Canal si x miles west of Hythe. [TR 076344]
Galloways south of Lydd: village closed when the Lydd ranges were opened in WWII [not marked on OS Map: ?TR 0017]
Hope All Saints: Hope Farm, NW of New Romney. the remains of the church are marked on the map. (See Romney Marsh Gazeteer) [TR 049258]
Midley: Midley Cottages, SW of Old Romney [TR 016237] This was once a small island in the Rother between the larger ones of Romney and Lydd, and the name means "middle island". In the 8th century there was a village on this site, and 23 people still lived here in 1801. Now only the ruined west wall of the church remains. During World War II there was an airfield here.
Orgarswick: Orgarswick Farm, NW of Dymchurch [TR 090309]
Shorne: no modern trace, although there are unnamed church remains NNW of New Romney near Chapel Land Farm [TR 049258]
Snave Although the church still stands, it is unused. (See Romney Marsh Gazeteer) [TR015299]

Smuggling

The flat, almost empty landscape made for a smuggler's paradise throughout the 17th, 18th and into the 19th centuries. The traffic was two-way, since wool was also smuggled to the Continent. The main website has more details.

The Victorians made smugglers into romantic anti-heroes; in truth they were unscrupulous villains. The two main gangs on the Marsh were the Owlers and the Blues.

Literary associations

Romney Marsh has a distinguished literary history. Three who specifically used the marsh as settings for their works were E.F. Benson, author of the Mapp and Lucia novels; Russell Thorndyke, author of the Doctor Syn novels; and the children's writer Monica Edwards, author of the Romney Marsh books in which Rye Harbour becomes "Westling", Rye is renamed "Dunsford" and Winchelsea is known as "Winklesea".

Many other well-known writers have been associated with the area: Henry James, H.G. Wells, Joseph Conrad, Stephen Crane, Radclyffe Hall, Noel Coward, Edith Nesbit, Rumer Godden, and Conrad Aiken. Rudyard Kipling and his Smugglers' Song are famous.

External links

The main web

From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.