Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis is a fossil ape originally classified as the oldest possible member of the human family tree, but more recently as a Miocene ape related to humans and living African apes, thought to have lived approximately 7 million years ago. The fossils found indicate a relatively small cranium, five pieces of jaw, and some teeth, making up a head that has a mixture of derived and primitive features. These were discovered in the desert of Chad by a team of four people. The team, made up of three Chadians, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye (who found the skull on July 19, 2001), Fanone Gongdibe, and the French Alain Beauvilain, leader of this team, found all the fossils of Sahelanthropus from July 2001 to March 2002. The braincase suggests a chimpanzee-like intelligence, being only 340 cc to 360 cc in volume, but the teeth are closer to those of humans, and the face includes brow ridges—a human feature not found on any other living great ape. Due to the distorted matrix of the cranium, a 3D computer reconstruction has been produced. The point at the back of the skull where the neck muscles attach (nuchal plane) suggests that this species did not walk upright. Its canine wears similarly to other Miocene apes.
The discoverers claimed that S. tchadensis is the oldest known human ancestor after the split of our line from that of chimpanzees. The bones were found in Chad, far from most previous hominin fossil finds, i.e. Eastern and Southern Africa. However, an australopithecine mandible was also found in Chad by Sahelanthropus' discoverers in 1993 belonging to Australopithecus bahrelghazali.
Perspective
The fossil skull TH 266, nicknamed "Toumaï" ("hope of life" in the local Goran language of Chad), may be a common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees; most molecular clocks suggest humans and chimps diverged 1–2 million years after S. tchadensis (5 mya). The original placement of this species as a human ancestor but not a chimpanzee ancestor complicated the picture of the human family tree. In particular, if Toumaï is only a direct human ancestor, its facial features bring the status of Australopithecus into doubt because the thickened brow ridgers are similar to later hominids, but not earlier ones. Another possibility is that Toumaï is anatomically related to both humans and chimpanzees, but the ancestor of neither. Brigitte Senut, the discoverer of Orrorin tugenensis, claims that the features of S. tchadensis are consistent with a female proto-gorilla.If Senut's claims are true the find would be especially significant; there have been no chimp or gorilla ancestors to be found anywhere in Africa and light would be shed on their family trees. What the find does show is that the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees is unlikely to resemble chimpanzees very much, as had been previously supposed.
References
- Michel Brunet, Franck Guy, David Pilbeam, Hassane Taisso Mackaye, Andossa Likius, Djimdoumalbaye Ahounta, et al. "[A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa]". Nature, 418:145-51, 2002.
- Nature, "The look of Toumaï", 7 April 2005, pp. 752-755, ISSN 00280836
- Wolpoff, M.H., J. Hawks, B. Senut, M. Pickford, and J. Ahern: An Ape or The Ape: Is The Toumaï Cranium TM 266 a Hominid? PaleoAnthropology 2006:36-50.
External links
- [Fossil Hominids: Toumai]
- [National Geographic: Skull Fossil Opens Window Into Early Period of Human Origins]
- [image of the skull] (nature.com)
| Part of the series on Human Evolution |
|---|
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Orrorin tugenensis |
| Ardipithecus: A. kadabba - A. ramidus |
| Australopithecines |
| Australopithecus : A. afarensis - A. africanus - A. anamensis - A. bahrelghazali - A. garhi |
| Paranthropus: P. aethiopicus - P. boisei - P. robustus |
| Humans and Proto-humans |
| Kenyanthropus platyops |
| Homo: H. antecessor - H. habilis - H. rudolfensis - H. rhodesiensis - H. cepranensis - H. georgicus - H. erectus - H. ergaster - H. heidelbergensis - H. neanderthalensis - H. floresiensis - H. sapiens idaltu - H. sapiens sapiens |
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