Samaritan Hebrew language
Encyclopedia : S : SA : SAM : Samaritan Hebrew language
The Samaritan Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew as pronounced and written by the Samaritans. It is used in the reading tradition of the Samaritan Pentateuch.
Writing
It is written in the Samaritan alphabet, a direct descendant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (itself a variation on the Phoenician alphabet), whereas all other varieties of Hebrew are written in the later Hebrew alphabet, a variation on the Aramaic alphabet.Pronunciation
The Samaritan pronunciation of Hebrew differs in several respects from most others. The laryngeals aleph, ayin, he, and heth have all disappeared or turned into vowels. Beth and Waw can each be pronounced as either b or w (in fact, the letters' names are pronounced Bît and Ba.) Sin is pronounced Shin. Consonants with dagesh are pronounced geminate. Stress is commonly penultimate rather than ultimate.
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal
| I | anáki |
| you (male) | átta |
| you (female) | átti (note the final yod) |
| he | û |
| she | î |
| we | anánu |
| you (male, plural) | attímma |
| you (female, plural) | éttên |
| they (male) | ímma |
| they (female) | ínna |
Demonstrative
This: masc. ze, fem. zéot, pl. ílla.
That: alaz (written with a he at the beginning).
Relative
Who, which: éšar.
Interrogative
Who? = mi. What? = ma.
Noun
When suffixes are added, ê and ô in the last syllable may become î and û: bôr "pit" > búrôt "pits". Note also af "anger" > éppa "her anger".
Segolates behave more or less as in other Hebrew varieties: beţen "stomach" > báţnek "your stomach", kesef "silver" > kesfánu "our silver", dérek > dirkakimma "your (m. pl.) road" but áreş "earth" > árşak "your earth".
Article
The definite article is a- or e-, and causes gemination of the following consonant, unless it is a guttural; it is written with a he, but as usual, the h is silent. Thus, for example: énnar / ánnar = "the youth"; ellêm = "the meat"; a'émur = "the donkey".
Number
Regular plural suffixes are -êm masc., -ôt fem: eyyamêm "the days", elamôt "dreams".
Dual is sometimes -ayem (šenatayem "two years"), usually -êm like the plural (yédêm "hands".)
Verbs
Affixes are:
| perfect | imperfect | |
| I | -ti | e- |
| you (male) | -ta | ti- |
| you (female) | -ti | ? |
| he | - | yi- |
| she | -a | ti- |
| we | ? | ne- |
| you (plural) | -tímma | te- -un |
| you (female, plural) | -tên | ? |
| they (male) | -u | yi- -u |
| they (female) | ? | ti- -inna |
Particles
Prepositions
"in, using", pronounced:
- b- before a vowel (or, therefore, a former guttural): b-érbi = "with a sword"; b-íštu "with his wife".
- ba- before a bilabial consonant: bá-bêt "in a house", ba-mádbar "in a wilderness"
- ev- before other consonant: ev-lila "in a night", ev-dévar "with the thing".
- ba-/be- before the definite article ("the"): barrášet "in the beginning"; béyyôm "in the day".
- ka without the article: ka-demútu "in his likeness"
- ke with the article: ké-yyôm "like the day".
- l- before a vowel: l-ávi "to my father", l-évad "to the slave"
- el-, al- before a consonant: al-béni "to the children (of)"
- le- before l: le-léket "to go"
- l- before the article: lammúad "at the appointed time"; la-şé'on "to the flock"
- w- before consonants: wal-Šárra "and to Sarah"
- u- before vowels: u-yeššeg "and he caught up".
- al: towards
- elfáni: before
- bêd-u: for him
- elqérôt: against
- balêd-i: except me
Conjunctions
- u: or
- em: if, when
- avel: but
Adverbs
- la: not
- kâ: also
- afu: also
- ín-ak: you are not
- ífa (ípa): where?
- méti: when
- fâ: here
- šémma: there
- mittét: under
Bibliography
- J. Rosenberg, Lehrbuch der samaritanischen Sprache und Literatur, A. Hartleben's Verlag: Wien, Pest, Leipzig.
- Ben-Hayyim, Ze'ev, and Tal, Abraham, A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew Based on the Recitation of the Law in Comparison with the Tiberian and Other Jewish Traditions: 2000 [ISBN: 1575060477]
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.