Santa Susana Field Laboratory
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The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) is a once prolific rocket and nuclear reactor test facility located 30 miles north of downtown Los Angeles, California. It continues to operate today, serving as a research facility for Boeing Corp. The first commercial nuclear-power producing reactor inside the United States was built at SSFL. The reactor powered over 1,100 homes in the Moorpark area of California for a short period of time. SSFL, however, also became home to the first meltdown of a power-producing reactor in the United States on July 26, 1959 as well. Today, all nuclear research and most rocket testing has been halted.
Various research initiatives, such as the development of the Saturn rockets that powered the Apollo missions, the rockets that powered the vast ballistic missile arsenal of the United States during the Cold War years, and even a program to develop nuclear reactors for use in outer space were undertaken at this facility that still remains widely unknown to the public.
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History
Founded in the mid-1940s, SSFL was slated as a government facility dedicated to the development and testing of nuclear reactors, powerful rockets like the Delta II, and the systems that powered the Apollo missions. SSFL was designed as a remote field laboratory to conduct work that was considered too dangerous to be performed in more densely populated areas. In subsequent years however, Southern California’s population mushroomed. Large numbers of people now live within a few miles of the facility, some within a mile.At a size of nearly 2800 acres (11 km²), SSFL is situated on top of the Simi Hills, overlooking Simi Valley to the north, Chatsworth, Canoga Park, and the West Hills areas of the San Fernando Valley—a densly populated area on the northernmost border of Los Angeles' city limits—to the south.
Throughout the years, approximately ten nuclear reactors operated at SSFL, in addition to several “critical facilities,” a plutonium fuel fabrication facility, a uranium carbide fuel fabrication facility, and a “hot lab” where irradiated fuel was shipped in from around the country to be decladded and examined.
The reactors located on the grounds of SSFL were considered experimental, and therefore had no containment structures. The reactors and highly radioactive components were housed without the large concrete domes surrounding modern power reactors.
Numerous accidents occurred at the site. On July 26 1959, the Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) suffered a power excursion, in which power production from the reactor rose out of control. With significant effort, the reactor was shut down. However, a few hours later it was restarted, without the cause of the incident having been determined. The reactor continued to operate for several more weeks, with high radiation readings and other signs of problems, until it was shut down at the end of the month.
After a full shut down was completed, the reactor operators discovered that a significant fraction of the fuel had suffered melting. Tetralin, a coolant used for the pump seals, had leaked into the sodium coolant of the reactor. Carbonaceous material formed, blocking the coolant channels, preventing the sodium coolant from reaching the reactor core, which in turn caused the fuel to overheat and melt.
Approximately one-third of the fuel experienced melting.
Radioactive gases were released from the reactor into holding tanks and then bled into the atmosphere over a period of weeks. The extent of the radioactive releases remains uncertain to this date, but some estimates put the amount at more than 260 times the amount of radiation that was released at the Three Mile Island facility. Some monitors went off scale; few measurements of the sodium coolant were taken. Later, the few measurements that were taken emerged to be contradictory. However, the ratios of volatile radionuclides found in the coolant suggest significant releases from the coolant to the environment may have occurred.
In 1964 the System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) 8ER reactor operated for a year without its operators realizing that the fuel had been cracking. After shutdown, it was determined that 80% of the fuel had cracked. A few years later, in 1969, the same type of accident occurred with the SNAP 8DR, with about a third of its fuel suffering damage.
The hot lab suffered fires resulting in the spread of contamination. The sodium burn pit, an open-air pit for cleaning sodium-contaminated components, was also contaminated when radioactively and chemically-contaminated items were burned there, in contravention of safety requirements.
On December 11, 2002, a top DOE official, Mike Lopez, described the typical clean-up procedures executed by Field Lab employees. Among the various methods used to dispose of the sodium and radioactively filled barrels of waste was a particularly violent method of shooting full barrels with shotguns so that they would explode, and release their highly contaminated contents into the air. This procedure survived until the mid 1990s, when two employees were killed while disposing of barrels.
Other spills and releases occurred over the decades of operations as well. In 1989, a Department of Energy(DOE) investigation found widespread chemical and radioactive contamination on the property. Widely publicized in the local press, the revelations led to substantial concern among community members and elected officials, resulting in a challenge to and subsequent shutdown of continued nuclear activity at the site, and the filing of lawsuits. Cleanup commenced, and EPA was brought in at the request of local legislators to provide oversight.
In 2005, wild fires swept through northern Los Angeles County and parts of Ventura County. The fires consumed most of the dry brush throughout the Simi Hills where SSFL is located. Substantial fire damage was done to the facility. Since the fire, allegations have emerged that vast quantities of on-site contamination was burned up, and released into the air. Most recently, Los Angeles County firefighters who were assigned to SSFL during the fire have been sent for medical testing to see if any harmful doses were ingested or inhaled while protecting the facility.
While community members and firefighters have expressed concern about the amount of exposure, Boeing personnel stand by their position that no contamination of the air resulted from the fire, and that any contamination that may have been consumed by the fire was negligible.
California's Department of Toxic Substances Control also claims that no significant contamination occurred as a result of the fire. Although the Field Lab is under current criticism for violating almost 50 discharge permits, State agencies have been silent on the issue. Recently, lawyers disclosed to the California Water Board that over 80 exceedances of Boeing's discharge permits were found in the past year alone. In January of 2006, the State Water Resources Control Board finally stepped in, and refused some requests by Boeing for even lighter standards.
Also in 2006, a Plaintiff in a suit against Boeing came forward to lambast her attorneys, who, as she claimed, accepted a $30 million dollar settlement with Boeing without her approval. The attorneys stand to collect $18 million, or 60% of the settlement amount after their costs and fees are subtracted from the settlement. The Plaintiff who disclosed the allegedly tainted deal is splitting the rest of the settlement with other plaintiffs and will only receive around $30,000, a far cry from the amount she will need for extensive future medical treatments for diseases that were linked to contamination from the SSFL facility.
Conflict over the facility is ongoing.
Conflict over cleanup
After many years of rocket testing, widespread use of many highly toxic chemicals to power the tests and cleanup of the teststands, and numerous nuclear reactor incidents, SSFL remains a highly polluted facility to this day.There has been much contemporary debate about contamination at the facility. At the core of this debate is the future of the facility. The owners, the Boeing Company have issued many statements that suggests the facility may be sold for future residential development without adherence to EPA cleanup standards. As of August 2, 2005, Pratt & Whitney has purchased Rocketdyne from Boeing, but refused to acquire the SSFL facility as part of the sale.
In 1989, the DOE found widespread chemical and radioactive contamination at the site, and a cleanup program commenced. In 1995 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the DOE announced that they had entered into a Joint Policy agreement to assure that all DOE sites would be cleaned up to standards consistent with EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) standards, also known as Superfund.
In March of 2003, DOE reversed its position, and, while claiming adherence to the policy, announced that the site would not be cleaned up to EPA standards. DOE stated that only 1% of the contaminated soil would be removed, and the site would be released for unrestricted residential use in as little as ten years.
In August 2003, the Senate Appropriations Committee issued a report on the Energy and Water Appropriations, urging DOE to live up to its commitments in the 1995 Joint Policy and clean up SSFL to EPA’s CERCLA standards. Shortly thereafter, DOE responded to the Senate, claiming it was in fact consistent with both the Joint Policy and EPA’s CERCLA standards.
In December 2003, soon after DOE's announcement that it was consistent with EPA standards, the EPA issued formal findings that the cleanup was not consistent with its CERCLA standards, and that sufficient contamination would remain such that unrestricted residential use would be dangerously inappropriate, and that the only safe use under the circumstances would be restricted day hikes with limitations on picnicking.
Community involvement
Every quarter, Simi Valley hosts workgroup meetings concerning the cleanup of the Laboratory that is open to the public and public comment.The workgroup consists of representatives from the California Department of Toxic Substances Control and the EPA. Public policy organizations such as Committee to Bridge the Gap also send representatives as part of the work group. Other organizations and private companies also attend as part of the workgroup depending on the topic pending. The meeting is moderated by the EPA.
The DOE and Boeing are also invited to the workgroup meetings but have not attended for the past several years.
The workgroup meetings are held at the following location:
Cultural Arts Center 3050 Los Angeles Avenue Simi Valley, CA 93065
Contact the Cultural Arts Center regarding the next workgroup meeting: (805) 583-7900
See also
External links
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