Sedenion
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Sedenions form a 16-dimensional algebra over the reals. Two types are currently known: 1) Sedenions obtained by applying the Cayley-Dickson construction, and 2) Conic Sedenions (or M-algebra) from hypernumber arithmetics.
Cayley-Dickson Sedenions
Arithmetic
Like (Cayley-Dickson) octonions, multiplication of Cayley-Dickson sedenions is neither commutative nor associative. But in contrast to the octonions, the sedenions do not even have the property of being alternative. They do, however, have the property of being power-associative.
Every sedenion is a real linear combination of the unit sedenions 1, e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8, e9, e10, e11, e12, e13, e14 and e15, which form a basis of the vector space of sedenions.
The sedenions have a multiplicative identity element 1 and multiplicative inverses, but they are not a division algebra. This is because they have zero divisors; this means that two non-zero numbers can be multiplied to obtain a zero result: a trivial example is (e3 + e10)*(e6 - e15). All hypercomplex number systems based on the Cayley-Dickson construction from sedenions on contain zero divisors.
The multiplication table of these unit sedenions looks as follows:
| × | 1 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e4 | e5 | e6 | e7 | e8 | e9 | e10 | e11 | e12 | e13 | e14 | e15 |
| 1 | 1 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e4 | e5 | e6 | e7 | e8 | e9 | e10 | e11 | e12 | e13 | e14 | e15 |
| e1 | e1 | -1 | e3 | -e2 | e5 | -e4 | -e7 | e6 | e9 | -e8 | -e11 | e10 | -e13 | e12 | e15 | -e14 |
| e2 | e2 | -e3 | -1 | e1 | e6 | e7 | -e4 | -e5 | e10 | e11 | -e8 | -e9 | -e14 | -e15 | e12 | e13 |
| e3 | e3 | e2 | -e1 | -1 | e7 | -e6 | e5 | -e4 | e11 | -e10 | e9 | -e8 | -e15 | e14 | -e13 | e12 |
| e4 | e4 | -e5 | -e6 | -e7 | -1 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e12 | e13 | e14 | e15 | -e8 | -e9 | -e10 | -e11 |
| e5 | e5 | e4 | -e7 | e6 | -e1 | -1 | -e3 | e2 | e13 | -e12 | e15 | -e14 | e9 | -e8 | e11 | -e10 |
| e6 | e6 | e7 | e4 | -e5 | -e2 | e3 | -1 | -e1 | e14 | -e15 | -e12 | e13 | e10 | -e11 | -e8 | e9 |
| e7 | e7 | -e6 | e5 | e4 | -e3 | -e2 | e1 | -1 | e15 | e14 | -e13 | -e12 | e11 | e10 | -e9 | -e8 |
| e8 | e8 | -e9 | -e10 | -e11 | -e12 | -e13 | -e14 | -e15 | -1 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e4 | e5 | e6 | e7 |
| e9 | e9 | e8 | -e11 | e10 | -e13 | e12 | e15 | -e14 | -e1 | -1 | -e3 | e2 | -e5 | e4 | e7 | -e6 |
| e10 | e10 | e11 | e8 | -e9 | -e14 | -e15 | e12 | e13 | -e2 | e3 | -1 | -e1 | -e6 | -e7 | e4 | e5 |
| e11 | e11 | -e10 | e9 | e8 | -e15 | e14 | -e13 | e12 | -e3 | -e2 | e1 | -1 | -e7 | e6 | -e5 | e4 |
| e12 | e12 | e13 | e14 | e15 | e8 | -e9 | -e10 | -e11 | -e4 | e5 | e6 | e7 | -1 | -e1 | -e2 | -e3 |
| e13 | e13 | -e12 | e15 | -e14 | e9 | e8 | e11 | -e10 | -e5 | -e4 | e7 | -e6 | e1 | -1 | e3 | -e2 |
| e14 | e14 | -e15 | -e12 | e13 | e10 | -e11 | e8 | e9 | -e6 | -e7 | -e4 | e5 | e2 | -e3 | -1 | e1 |
| e15 | e15 | e14 | -e13 | -e12 | e11 | e10 | -e9 | e8 | -e7 | e6 | -e5 | -e4 | e3 | e2 | -e1 | -1 |
Further reading
- Imaeda, K., Imaeda, M.: Sedenions: algebra and analysis, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 115:77-88 (2000)
Conic Sedenions / 16-dim. M-algebra
Arithmetic
In contrast to Cayley-Dickson sedenions, which are built on unity (1) and 15 roots of negative unity (-1), conic sedenions from the hypernumbers program are built on 8 square roots of positive and negative unity each. They share non-commutativity and non-associativity with Cayley-Dickson sedenion ("circular sedenion") arithmetic, however, conic sedenions are modular, alternative, flexible, but not power associative.
Conic sedenions contain both traditional (circular) octonions, conic octonion, and hyperbolic octonion subalgebras. Hyperbolic octonions are computationally equivalent to split-octonions.
Conic sedenions contain both nilpotents and zero divisors. With the exception of its nilpotents and zero, the arithmetic is closed with respect to the power-of and logarithm operations.
Further reading
For a general overview on hypernumbers see e.g. http://www.kevincarmody.com/math/hypernumbers.html .
- Carmody, Kevin: Circular and Hyperbolic Quaternions, Octonions and Sedenions, Applied Mathematics and Computation 28:47-72 (1988)
- Carmody, Kevin: Circular and Hyperbolic Quaternions, Octonions and Sedenions - Further results, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 84:27-47 (1997)
- Carmody, Kevin: Circular and Hyperbolic Quaternions, Octonions and Sedenions - Part III, Online at http://www.kevincarmody.com/math/sedenions3.pdf (2006)
See also
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