Socialist Realism

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"Roses for Stalin", Boris Vladimirski, 1949

Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism. It should not be confused with social realism, a type of art that realistically depicts subjects of social concern, although it is related.

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Socialist realism in the Soviet Union

Socialist realism was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years. Communist doctrine decreed that all material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole. This included works of art and the means of producing art, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools. During the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks established a movement called Proletkult (the Proletarian Cultural and Enlightenment Organizations) which sought to put all arts into the service of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

In the early years of the Soviet Union, Russian and Soviet artists embraced a wide variety of art forms under the auspices of Proletkult. Revolutionary politics and radical non-traditional art forms were seen as complementary. In art, constructivism flourished. In poetry, the nontraditional and the avant-garde were often praised.

This, however, aroused criticism from elements in the Communist party, who rejected modern styles such as impressionism and cubism, since these movements existed before the revolution and hence were associated with "decadent bourgeois art." Socialist realism was thus to some extent a reaction against the adoption of these "decadent" styles.

"Stalin as an Organiser of the October Revolution" by Karp Trokhimenko

Socialist realism became state policy in 1932 when Stalin promulgated the decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organizations". The Union of Soviet Writers was founded to control the output of authors, and the new policy was rubber-stamped at the Congress of Socialist Writers in 1934. It was enforced ruthlessly in all spheres of artistic endeavour. Artists who strayed from the official line were severely punished – many were sent to the Gulag labour camps in Siberia and elsewhere.

The restrictions were loosened somewhat after Stalin's death in 1953 but the state still kept a tight rein on personal artistic expression. This caused many artists to chose to go into exile, for example the Odessa Group from the city of that name. Independently-minded artists that remained continued to experience the hostility of the state. In 1974, for instance, a show of unofficial art in a field near Moscow was broken up, and the artworks destroyed, with water cannon and bulldozers (see Bulldozer Exhibition). Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost and perestroika facilitated an explosion of interest in alternative art styles in the late 1980s, but socialist realism remained in force as the official state art style until as late as 1991. It was not until after the fall of the Soviet Union that artists were finally freed from state censorship.

Socialist realism in other states

Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw

13 May 1967.Cinemacenter Avrora.Architektor E.A. Serdjukov.1300 Places.

The Soviet Union exported socialist realism to virtually all of the other Communist countries, although the degree to which it was enforced there varied somewhat from country to country. It became the predominant art form across the Communist world for nearly fifty years.

Today, arguably the only country still focused on these aesthetic principles is North Korea. The People's Republic of China occasionally reverts to socialist realism for specific purposes, such as idealised propaganda posters to promote the Chinese space program.

Socialist realism had little mainstream impact in the non-Communist world, where it was widely seen as a totalitarian means of imposing state control on artists.

Roots of socialist realism

The political aspect of socialist realism was, in some respects, a continuation of pre-Soviet state policy. Censorship and attempts to control the content of art did not begin with the Soviets, but were a long-running feature of Russian life. The Tsarist government also appreciated the potentially disruptive effect of art and required all books to be cleared by the censor. Writers and artists in 19th century Imperial Russia became quite skilled at evading censorship by making their points without spelling it out in so many words. However, Soviet censors were not so easily evaded.

Socialist realism had its roots in neoclassicism and the traditions of realism in Russian literature of the 19th century that described the life of simple people. It was exemplified by the aesthetic philosophy of Maxim Gorki. The work of the Peredvizhniki ("Wanderers," a Russian realist movement of the late 19th / early 20th centuries), Jacques-Louis David and Ilya Yefimovich Repin were notable influences.

Characteristics of socialist realism

Soc-Realist allegories surrounding the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw

Socialist realism held that successful art depicts and glorifies the proletariat's struggle toward socialist progress. The Statute of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1934 stated that socialist realism

is the basic method of Soviet literature and literary criticism. It demands of the artist the truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development. Moreover, the truthfulness and historical concreteness of the artistic representation of reality must be linked with the task of ideological transformation and education of workers in the spirit of socialism.

Its purpose was to elevate the common worker, whether factory or agricultural, by presenting his life, work, and recreation as admirable. In other words, its goal was to educate the people in the goals and meaning of Communism. The ultimate aim was to create what Lenin called "an entirely new type of human being": New Soviet Man. Stalin described the practitioners of socialist realism as "engineers of souls".

The "realism" part is important. Soviet art at this time aimed to depict the worker as he truly was, carrying his tools. In a sense, the movement mirrors the course of American and Western art, where the everyday human being became the subject of the novel, the play, poetry, and art. The proletariat was at the center of communist ideals; hence, his life was a worthy subject for study. This was an important shift away from the aristocratic art produced under the Russian tsars of previous centuries, but had much in common with the late-19th century fashion for depicting the social life of the common people.

The First Tractor by Vladimir Krikhatsky

Compared to the eclectic variety of 20th century Western art, socialist realism often resulted in a fairly bland and predictable range of artistic products (indeed, Western critics wryly described the principles of socialist realism as "Girl meets Tractor"). Painters would depict happy, muscular peasants and workers in factories and collective farms; during the Stalin period, they also produced numerous heroic portraits of the dictator to serve his cult of personality. Industrial and agricultural landscapes were popular subjects, glorifying the achievements of the Soviet economy. Novelists were expected to produce uplifting stories in a manner consistent with the Marxist doctrine of dialectical materialism. Composers were to produce rousing, vivid music that reflected the life and struggles of the proletariat.

Socialist realism thus demanded close adherence to party doctrine, and has often been criticized as detrimental to the creation of true, unfettered art – or as being little more than a means to censor artistic expression. Czesław Miłosz, writing in the introduction to Sinyavsky's On Socialist Realism, describes the products of socialist realism as "inferior", ascribing this as necessarily proceeding from the limited view of reality permitted to creative artists.

Not all Marxists accepted the necessity of socialist realism. Its establishment as state doctrine in the 1930s had rather more to do with internal Communist Party politics than classic Marxist imperatives. The Hungarian Marxist essayist Georg Lukács criticized the rigidity of socialist realism, proposing his own "critical realism" as an alternative. However, such critical voices were a rarity until the 1980s.

Notable works and artists of socialist realism

Maxim Gorky's novel Mother is usually considered to have been the first work of socialist realism. Gorky was also a major factor in the school's rapid rise, and his pamphlet, On Socialist Realism, essentially lays out the needs of Soviet art. Other important works of literature include Fyodor Gladkov's Cement (1925) and Mikhail Sholokhov's two volume epic, And Quiet Flows the Don (1934) and The Don Flows Home to Sea (1940).

The painter Aleksandr Deineka provides a notable example for his expressionist and patriotic scenes of the Second World War, collective farms, and sports. Yuri Pimenov, Boris Ioganson and Geli Korzev have also been described as "unappreciated masters of twentieth-century realism". [link]

Consequences of socialist realism

A relief from the Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw showing workers greeting victorious soldiers.

Socialist realism's rigid precepts and enforcement inevitably caused great damage to the freedom of Soviet artists to express themselves. Many artists and authors found their works censored, ignored, or rejected. Mikhail Bulgakov, for instance, was forced to write his masterwork, The Master and Margarita, in secret, despite earlier successes such as White Guard. Sergey Prokofiev found himself essentially unable to compose music during this period.

The political doctrine behind socialist realism also underlay the pervasive censorship of Communist societies. Apart from obvious political considerations that saw works such as those of George Orwell being banned, access to foreign art and literature was also restricted on aesthetic grounds. Bourgeois art and all forms of experimentalism and formalism were denounced as decadent, degenerate and pessimistic, and therefore anti-Communist in principle. The works of James Joyce were particularly harshly condemned. The net effect was that it was not until the 1980s that the general public in the Communist countries were able to freely access many works of Western art and literature.

References and further reading

Andrei Sinyavsky writing as Abram Tertz, The Trial Begins and On Socialist Realism, University of California Press, 1982, trade paperback, 219 pages, ISBN 0520046773, Introduction to On Socialist Realism by Czesław Miłosz
Igor Golomstock, Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic of China, Harper Collins, 1990

Gallery

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Image:Alexej Konstantinovich Nesterenko - Lenin.jpg|"Lenin" by Alexei Nesterenko Image:Stepan Mikhailovich Karpov - Lenin.jpg|"Lenin" by Stepan Karpov Image:Nikolai_pavlyuk_lenin_in_his_working_room.jpg|"Lenin in his Working Room" by Nikolai Pavlyuk Image:Vasili Filippovich Ivanov - Vladimir IlyIch Lenin.jpg|"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" by Vasili Ivanov Image:Vasili Filippovich Ivanov - Lenin I.jpg|"Lenin I" by Vasili Ivanov Image:Vasili Filippovich Ivanov - Lenin II.jpg|"Lenin II" by Vasili Ivanov Image:Boris_vladimirski_lenin_in_red_dawn.jpg|"Lenin in Red Dawn" by Boris Vladimirski Image:Ivan Alekseevich Vladimirov - Lenin and Gorki..jpg|"Lenin and Gorki" by Ivan Vladimirov Image:VladimirIlyichLenin_-_Isaac_Brodskiy.jpg|"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" by Isaac Brodskiy Image:Lenin_and_stalin_in_the_summer_of_1917.jpg|"Lenin and Stalin in the Summer of 1917"* by Ivan Vladimirov

Image:Aleksandr Ivanovich Laktionov - Portrait of Stalin.jpg|"Portrait of Stalin" by Aleksandr Laktionov Image:Anthem_of_the_peoples_love.JPG|"Anthem of the People's Love" by Oleksi Shovkunenko, Platon Biletsky and Igor Reznik Image:Karp Demyanovich Trokhimenko - J.Stalin and S.Kirow visiting the Wolkhow- Gidrostation.jpg|"J. Stalin and S. Kirov visiting the Volkhov Hydrostation" by Karp Trokhimenko Image:Boris_vladimirski_roses_for_stalin.jpg|"Roses for Stalin"* by Boris Vladimirski Image:Stalin_as_an_Organizer_of_the_October_Revolution.jpg|"Stalin as an Organiser of the October Revolution"* by Karp Trokhimenko Image:'Gorky_Reading_to_Stalin'_by_Viktor_Govorov.jpg|"Gorky Reading to Stalin" by Viktor Govorov Image:Sergei Alekseevich Grigorev - Stalin at a session of politicians at the Kremlin.jpg|"Stalin at a session of politicians at the Kremlin" by Sergei Grigorev

Ordinary life

Image:Boris Jeremejewitsch Wladimirskij - Miner.jpg|"Miner" by Boris Vladimirski Image:Wladimir Gawriilowitsch Krikhatzkij - Farmer.jpg|"Farmer" by Vladimir Krikhatzkij Image:Boris Eremeevich Vladimirski - Female Worker.jpg|"Female Worker" by Boris Vladimirski Image:Ivan Alekseevich Vladimirov - In a Girls' School.jpg|"In a Girls' School" by Ivan Vladimirov Image:Tkachev-wedding.JPG|"Wedding" by Alexei Tkachev and Sergei Tkachev Image:Lenin's_Room_in_Simbirsk_1878_to_1887.jpg|"Lenin's Room in Simbirsk 1878 to 1887" by Vladimir Krikhatzkij Image:Wladimir Gawriilowitsch Krikhatzkij - On the Beach..jpg|"On the Beach" by Vladimir Krikhatzkij Image:Igor Klein - Naked Woman on the Beach.jpg|"Naked Woman on the Beach" by Igor Klein Image:Alexander Tschemissow - First of May..jpg|"First of May" by Alexander Tschemissow Image:Black_Ravens.jpg|"Black Ravens" by Boris Vladimirski Image:Stalinfactory.jpg|"In the Stalin Factory" by Mikhail Kostin

Scenes of Revolution and War

Image:Return_of_the_winners.jpeg|"Return of the Victors"* by Vassili Saicenko Image:Revolution1917.jpg|"Revolution 1917" by Karp Trokhimenko Image:MeetingofaVillagePartyCell.jpg|"Meeting of a Village Party Cell" by Efim Cheptsov Image:Alexander Tschemissow - Farmers' Revolution 1905.jpg|"Farmers' Revolution 1905" by Alexander Tschemissow

Technology

Image:Virgin_Lands_by_F._Malaev.jpeg|"Virgin Lands" by Fedor Malaev Image:Wladimir Gawriilowitsch Krikhatzkij - The First Tractor.jpg|The First Tractor by Vladimir Krikhatsky Image:Karel Stehlik - Building of a Dam at the Moldavia.jpg|"Building of a Dam at the Moldavia" by Karel Stehlik

Propaganda

Image:Wladimir Gawriilowitsch Krikhatzkij - Look outside, the world is red!..jpg|"Look Outside, the World is Red!" by Vladimir Krikhatzkij Image:Alexander Tschemissow - Life has become more cheerful.jpg|"Life has Become More Cheerful" by Alexander Tschemissow

Architecture

Image:Zaryadye.jpg|One of Seven Sisters (Moscow) Image:Palackultury.jpg|Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw Image:Russia-Moscow-VDNH-3.jpg|All-Soviet Exhibition Centre in Moscow Image:Palace-of-soviets.jpg|Palace of Soviets, by Boris Iofan

Sculpture

Image:Kiev_rodina_mat_2001_07_11.jpg|Kiev's monumental statue of the Mother Motherland. Image:Socrealizm.jpg|Soc-Realist alegories surrounding the Palace of Culture and Science Image:Waw-soviet-military-cemetery-relief.jpg|A relief from the Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw showing workers greeting victorious soldiers. Image:KudrinskayaSquareHighriseStatue Moscow.hires.jpg|A figure of a worker over the main entrance to the skyscraper on Rebellions Square in Moscow Image:Mutter Heimat.jpg|The 85-meter-tall statue of Mother Motherland crowns the Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd Image:Kolkhoznitsa.jpg|Gigantic statue at the All-Russian Exhibition Centre in Moscow (1935-37)

External links

[Marxists.org Socialist Realism page]

Russian art movements

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