Software framework
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A software framework is a reusable design for a software system (or subsystem). This is expressed as a set of abstract classes and the way their instances collaborate for a specific type of software (Johnson and Foote 1988; Deutsch 1989). All software frameworks are object-oriented designs. Although designs don't have to be implemented in an object-oriented language, they usually are.
For example, a software framework can be geared toward building graphical editors for different domains like artistic drawing, music composition, and mechanical CAD (Vlissides and Linton 1990; Johnson 1992). Another software framework can help build compilers for different programming languages and target machines (Johnson, McConnell et al. 1992). Yet another might help build financial modeling applications (Birrer and Eggenschwiler 1993) or decision support systems (Gachet 2003).
According to Pree (1994), software frameworks consists of frozen spots and hot spots. On the one hand, frozen spots define the overall architecture of a software system, that is to say its basic components and the relationships between them. These remain unchanged (frozen) in any instantiation of the application framework. On the other hand, hot spots represent those parts where the programmers using the framework add their own code to add the functionality specific to their own project.
Software frameworks define the places in the architecture where adaptations for specific functionality should be made - the hot spots. In an object-oriented environment, a framework consists of abstract and concrete classes. Instantiation of such a framework consists of composing and subclassing the existing classes (Buschmann 1996).
When developing a concrete software system with a software framework, the hot spots are specialized according to the specific needs and requirements of the system. Software frameworks rely on the Hollywood Principle: "Don’t call us, we’ll call you." (Larman 2002). This means that the user-defined classes (for example, new subclasses), receive messages from the predefined framework classes. These are usually handled by implementing superclass abstract methods.
List of frameworks
- Apache Struts is an open-source framework for developing Java EE web applications
- Hibernate is an Object-relational mapping (ORM) solution for the Java language.
- JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java-based Web application framework that simplifies the development of user interfaces for Java EE applications
- Component-based Scalable Logical Architecture (CSLA) a standard way to create robust object oriented programs using business objects
- CNI (Compiled Native Interface) a software framework for the GNU GCJ compiler which allows Java code to call and be called by native applications (programs specific to a hardware and operating system platform) and libraries written in C++
- Eclipse is a free software / open source platform-independent software framework for delivering what the project calls "rich-client applications", as opposed to "thin client" browser-based applications.
- Java Native Interface (JNI) allows Java code running in the Java virtual machine (VM) to call and be called by native applications (programs specific to a hardware and operating system platform) and libraries written in other languages, such as C, C++ and assembly
See also
- Application framework
- Object-oriented programming
- Class (computer science)
- Enterprise Architecture
- Implicit invocation
References
- Birrer, A. and T. Eggenschwiler (1993). Frameworks in the financial engineering domain: an experience report. in (eds), Springer-Verlag, proceedings of the European conference on object-oriented programming, Kaiserslautern, Germany: 21-35.
- Buschmann, F. (1996). Pattern-oriented software architecture : a system of patterns. Chichester ; New York, Wiley.
- Deutsch, P. L. (1989). Design reuse and frameworks in the Smalltalk-80 system. Software reusability, volume II: applications and experience. T. J. Biggerstaff and A. J. Perlis. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley: 57-71.
- Gachet, A. (2003) "Software Frameworks for Developing Decision Support Systems - A New Component in the Classification of DSS Development Tools", Journal of Decision Systems 12(3/4): 271-281.
- Johnson, R. E. (1992). Documenting frameworks using patterns. in (eds), ACM Press, proceedings of the Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: 63-76.
- Johnson, R. E. and B. Foote (1988). “Designing reusable classes.” Journal of object-oriented programming 1(2): 22-35.
- Johnson, R. E., C. McConnell and M. J. Lake (1992). The RTL system: a framework for code optimization. in R. Giegerich and S. L. Graham (eds), Springer-Verlag, proceedings of the International workshop on code generation, Dagstuhl, Germany: 255-274.
- Larman, C. (2002). Applying UML and patterns : an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design and the unified process. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall PTR.
- Pree, W. (1994). Meta patterns - a means for capturing the essentials of reusable object-oriented design. in M. Tokoro and R. Pareschi (eds), Springer-Verlag, proceedings of the ECOOP, Bologna, Italy: 150-162.
- Vlissides, J. M. and M. A. Linton (1990). “Unidraw: a framework for building domain-specific graphical editors.” ACM Transactions of Information Systems 8(3): 237-268.
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