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<h1>South Arabian alphabet</h1>
<p><a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/">Encyclopedia</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/S">S</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/S/SO">SO</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/S/SO/SOU">SOU</a> : South Arabian alphabet</p>
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<table   align=right style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em;  border:1px solid #999; padding:5px; font-size: 90%; width:19em; clear: right" class="box"><tr >
<th   style="font-weight:normal;" > <a href="/term/History_of_the_alphabet"><strong>History of the Alphabet</strong></a>
</td></tr><tr >
<td >
<a href="/term/Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabets">Middle Bronze Age</a> 19&ndash;15th c. BC<br/>
<ul><li><a href="/term/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet">Canaanite</a>-<a href="/term/Phoenician_alphabet">Phoenician</a> 14th c. BC</li><li>*<a href="/term/Aramaic_alphabet">Aramaic</a> 9th c. BC</li><li>**<a href="/term/Brāhmī">Brāhmī</a> & <a href="/term/Brahmic_family">Indic</a>, 6th c. BC</li><li>***<a href="/term/Tibetan_script">Tibetan</a> 7th c.</li><li>***<a href="/term/Khmer_script">Khmer</a>/<a href="/term/Javanese_script">Javanese</a>, 9th c.</li><li>**<a href="/term/Hebrew_alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BC</li><li>**<a href="/term/Syriac_alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BC</li><li>**<a href="/term/Avestan_alphabet">Din Dabireh</a> 3rd c.</li><li>**<a href="/term/Arabic_alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th c.</li><li>*<a href="/term/Greek_alphabet">Greek</a> 9th c. BC</li><li>**<a href="/term/Old_Italic_alphabet">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BC</li><li>***<a href="/term/Latin_alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BC</li><li>***<a href="/term/Runic_alphabet">Runes</a> 2nd c.</li><li>**<a href="/term/Gothic_alphabet">Gothic</a> 4th c.</li><li>**<a href="/term/Armenian_alphabet">Armenian</a> 405</li><li>**<a href="/term/Glagolitic_alphabet">Glagolitic</a> 862</li><li>**<a href="/term/Cyrillic_alphabet">Cyrillic</a> 10th c.</li><li>*<a href="/term/Samaritan_alphabet">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BC</li><li>*<a href="/term/Iberian_scripts">Iberian</a> 6th c. BC</li><li><a href="/term/South_Arabian_alphabet">South Arabian</a> 9th c. BC</li><li>*<a href="/term/Ge'ez_alphabet">Ge'ez</a> 5&ndash;6th c. BC</li></ul></td></tr><tr >
<td  Meroitic script>Meroitic 3rd c. BC
</td></tr><tr >
</tr><tr >
<th   style="font-weight:normal;" > <a href="/term/Genealogy_of_scripts_derived_from_Proto-Sinaitic"><strong><em>Complete genealogy</strong></em></a>
</td></tr><tr >
</tr></table>
The ancient <strong>South Arabian</strong> alphabet (also known as <strong>musnad</strong>) branched from the <a href="/term/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a> in ca. the <a href="/term/13th_century_BC">13th century BC</a>. It was used for writing the <a href="/term/Old_South_Arabic">Old South Arabic</a> dialects of the <a href="/term/Sabaean">Sabaean</a>, Qatabanian, Hadrami, <a href="/term/Minaean">Minaean</a>, Himyarite, and other ancient Yemeni kingdoms on the southern <a href="/term/Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Early  forms dating to the <a href="/term/8th_century_BC">8th century BC</a> are found in <a href="/term/Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. Its mature form was reached around <a href="/term/500_BC">500 BC</a>, and its use continued until the <a href="/term/7th_century">7th century</a> AD, when it was displaced by the <a href="/term/Arabic_alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. In the 8th century BCE the alphabet spread to <a href="/term/Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, where it evolved later into the  <a href="/term/Ge'ez_alphabet">Ge'ez alphabet</a>, the basis of the modern Amharic, <a href="/term/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/term/Tigre">Tigre</a> alphabet. A cursive <a href="/term/Zabur">Zabur</a> script was used by the ancient Yemenis to write everyday documents in addition to the monumental <a href="/term/Musnad">Musnad</a> letters displayed below.<p>

<a name="Sign_inventory" id="Sign_inventory"></a><h2>Sign inventory</h2><p>


<table  ><tr>
<td >sign
</td><td >transliteration
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ha.PNG" class="image" width="57" height="80" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >h
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_lam.PNG" class="image" width="55" height="70" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >l
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ha2.PNG" class="image" width="55" height="64" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ḥ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_mim.PNG" class="image" width="64" height="70" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >m
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_qaf.PNG" class="image" width="51" height="65" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >q
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_wa.PNG" class="image" width="63" height="71" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >w
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_sin.PNG" class="image" width="55" height="70" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td ><a href="/term/Śat">ś</a>
<tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ra.PNG" class="image" width="52" height="73" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >r
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ba.PNG" class="image" width="63" height="68" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >b
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ta2.PNG" class="image" width="50" height="59" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >t
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_za.PNG" class="image" width="69" height="75" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >s
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_kaf.PNG" class="image" width="58" height="67" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >k
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_nun.PNG" class="image" width="58" height="64" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >n
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_kha.PNG" class="image" width="67" height="73" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ḫ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_shin.PNG" class="image" width="55" height="64" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >š
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_fa.PNG" class="image" width="64" height="67" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >f
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_alif.PNG" class="image" width="61" height="79" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ʾ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ajin.PNG" class="image" width="61" height="76" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ʿ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_za2.PNG" class="image" width="41" height="57" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td ><a href="/term/Ḍäppä">ḍ</a>
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_djim.PNG" class="image" width="69" height="68" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >g
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_dal.PNG" class="image" width="63" height="71" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >d
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ghajn.PNG" class="image" width="44" height="54" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ġ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ta1.PNG" class="image" width="48" height="57" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ṭ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_tha.PNG" class="image" width="48" height="62" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >z
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_dhal.PNG" class="image" width="42" height="57" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ḏ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_ja.PNG" class="image" width="58" height="70" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >y
</td></tr><tr --->
<td >
</td><td >ṯ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_sad.PNG" class="image" width="47" height="58" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td >ṣ
</td></tr><tr --->
<td ><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/1619/1618079/Himjar_dad.PNG" class="image" width="52" height="67" alt="20px" title="20px" />
</td><td ><a href="/term/Ẓāʼ">ẓ</a>
</td></tr><tr --->
</tr></table><p>

<a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a><h2>External links</h2>
<ul><li>http://www.ancientscripts.com/s_arabian.html</li><li>http://www.mnh.si.edu/epigraphy/e_pre-islamic/musnad-al-janubi.htm</li><li>http://www.crystalinks.com/arabian.html</li><li>http://www.omniglot.com/writing/southarabian.htm</li></ul><p>

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